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FONTS

The Interwar Years

The Futile Search for Stability

Hitler and Nazi Germany

Hitler and his Views

Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security

EQ: Why was the period after the war a time of uncertainty and instability?

Weaknesses in the League of Nations

  • US never ratified (passed by Congress) the Treaty of Versailles.
  • Thus, US could not join League of Nations
  • League of Nations could not use military force to stop aggression.

German Cooperation

  • Treaty of Locarno- French and Germany agreement on their border
  • Germany joins the League of Nations (1926)

German Inflation

  • Germany could not afford to pay the reparations for the war. (33 billion)
  • French occupied Ruhr Valley (center of German industry)
  • German prints money to pay strikers
  • 4.2 mark=$1 (1914)
  • 4.2 trillion marks= $1 (1923)
  • Dawes Plan
  • reduced payments
  • US loaned $200 million
  • Adolf Hitler
  • Born in Austria, failed school, rejected from art academy.
  • Extreme racist and nationalist
  • WWI Veteran
  • By 1921 controlled the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party)
  • imprisoned for Nazi riot- Beer Hall Putsch
  • Mein Kampf "My Struggle"
  • written in prison; outlined basic ideas
  • nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunism
  • Lebensraum "living space"

The Great Depression

  • Depression- period of very low economic activity and high unemployment.
  • Two main causes:
  • downturn of the economies in the late 1920s
  • collapse of US stock market in 1929
  • Germany was borrowing from US, thus effecting European banks and economies.
  • industrial production decreased which increased unemployment (40%)
  • Popularity in Communism increased; challenged democracy

The Nazi State

Rise of Nazism

  • Third Reich- Hitler's empire from 1933-1939
  • decreased unemployment with public works projects and rearmament program
  • controlled religion and education
  • SS- "Guard Squadrons"- Hitler's secret police (racist and violent)
  • By 1931, largest party in Reichstag (German parliament)
  • Hitler uses legal means, not violent overthrow
  • gained support due to German econ. problems

Democracy after the War

  • Weimar Republic (1918-1933)- Germany's temporary democracy. (epic fail)
  • Great Depression effected most of Europe because of US investments being pulled out.
  • Collective Bargaining- right to negotiate with employers--better wages, hours, etc.
  • John Maynard Keynes- British economist
  • unemployment came from decline in demand not overproduction
  • gov't should finance projects to create jobs even if it led to deficit spending
  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) elected president 1932
  • New Deal- established gov't funded programs to create jobs

Anti-Semitism

Victory of Nazism

  • Nuremberg Laws- prevents Jews from being German citizens
  • required to wear yellow Stars of David
  • Kristallnacht- "night of shattered glass
  • burned synagogues and Jewish business
  • killed over 100 and sent 30k to concentration camps
  • 1933, Nazis pressure president to place Hitler as chancellor & create new gov't.
  • Enabling Act- gave gov't the right to ignore constitution
  • made Hitler dictator or Fuhrer
  • all political parties abolished and opponents sent to concentration camps.

The West Between Wars

  • Our goal is to develop an understanding of the events that took place after WWI and how unresolved tensions and depression led to WWII.
  • The Futile Search for Stability
  • The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
  • Hitler and Nazi Germany
  • Culture and the Intellectual Trends

Culture and the Intellectual Trends

The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

EQ: What were some factors that allowed dictators to take rise?

Fascism in Italy

  • Benito Mussolini (Il Duce)- dictator of Italy
  • appointed Prime Minister and made laws to form a Fascist gov't.
  • Fascism-glorifies state over individual led by single party or individual.
  • military oriented
  • support due to economic hardships and fear of communist take over.
  • Used secret police and propaganda to control people's beliefs.

New Era in the Soviet Union

  • Early 1920s Lenin proposes New Economic Policy (NEP) to save Russia from collapse.
  • 1922 Communist created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
  • Lenin dies in 1924 and a struggle for power emerged in the Politburo- committee that controlled communist policies.
  • Leon Trotsky vs Joseph Stalin
  • Stalin has power to hire and fire officials which he uses to gain power

Era of Stalin

  • Between 1919-1936 all major European states (except GB and France) turned to some form of dictatorship.
  • Totalitarian states- aimed to control all aspects of their citizens’ lives.
  • no individual freedoms
  • state demanded support of all citizens
  • Removed NEP and replaced with Five-Years Plans--econ. goals for 5 year periods.
  • First Five-Year Plan emphasized
  • industrialization and production of capital goods (heavy machinery).
  • Collectivized farming
  • gov't controlled farms worked by peasants.
  • gov't takes harvest and distributes
  • Extremely bad living conditions
  • propaganda to boast morale
  • Siberian labor camps

Authoritarian States in the West

  • unlike totalitarian states they did not try to have complete control over the people
  • 1936 Francisco Franco led a rebellion against democracy in Spain that led to a Civil War.
  • Hitler and Mussolini provided support
  • Franco capture Madrid in 1939, setting up an Authoritarian dictatorship.
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