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Sources:

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~rgwhitma/classweb2/history%20and%20conflict.htm

http://www.globalissues.org/article/92/crisis-in-east-timor

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14952883

http://www.cja.org/article.php?list=type&type=198

http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Easttimor.pdf\

Referendum Result

Question: Do you accept the proposed special autonomy for East Timor within the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia?

Overview

EAST TIMOR GENOCIDE

Timeline

  • The United Nation organized and monitored the referendum.
  • September 1999 - 78% favoured independence.
  • 2002- Indonesia and East Timor both signed agreements aimed at easing relations.

Independence Referendum

Operasi Seroja

1975 November - East Timor was declared to be independent from the Portuguese

1975 December - Indonesia invades East Timor

1875 July - a small-scale civil war broke out in Dili

1991 November - Santa Cruz Massacre

1996 December - Bishop Carlos Belo & Resistance Leader Jose Ramos-Horta was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize

1999 August - Independence Referendum

1999 September - Government accepted the result from the referendum

2002 February - East Timor and Indonesia signed agreements

  • By January 1999, Indonesia begins to consider indepedence for East Timor.
  • By August 1999, almost 99% of the population rejected autonomy.
  • Violence increased to pressure East Timor into accepting autonomy.

Operasi Seroja (Operation Lotus)

  • It was the largest military operation ever carried out by Indonesia.
  • Indonesia bombarded the capital sity, Dili, with naval and air attacks.
  • 641 Indonesian paratroopers jumped into Dili, where they engaged in six-hours combat with FALINTIL gunmen (military wing of the political party in East Timor) .
  • Indonesian forces had taken the city at the cost of 35 Indonesian soldiers killed, while 122 FALINTIL gunmen died in the combat.
  • The military occupied the city and kept on invading other cities as well.

Accept Autonomy Proposal

Reject Autonomy Proposal

How has ultranationalist feelings contributed to pursuit of genocide in this case?

Ultranationalism and violence often go hand-in-hand. What is it about ultranationalism, how is it created or how is it demonstrated, that created this situation

Genocide is influenced by a nation's desire for power. In this instance, the Indonesians were interested in the resources in East Timor, and they also believed in Ethnic Superiority. With surrounding nations not preventing its invasion, Indonesia proceeded to annex East Timor. Feelings of ultranationalism, such as their desire for expansion, urged them to pursue genocide. East Timor was a newly declared nation and it was vulnerable to foreign attacks.

Conclusion

Ultranationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which the aggressor is willing to take drastic measures due to their desire for power and prestige. An ultranationalist nation see themselves as superior and has a particular goal to promote their strength as a country and it leads to feelings of agression and hostility towards other nations. To show their strength as a nation, they depend on violence which causes war, succession, and genocide.

Background Information

International Involvement

There are benefits to nationalism. Are there any positive aspects of ultranionalism?

East Timor finally gained its sovereignty from Indonesia, but as a result East Timor continues to suffer from poverty, famine, unemployment and violence within the country. These show the long-lasting effects of war and genocide.

  • After the the independence of East Timor, several UN missions were brought to the country to help with the nation's restoration.
  • Foreigh troops arrived and helped to prevent factional violence of clashes involving former soldiers.

Ultranationalism only briefly benefits the aggressive nation due to gaining a greater status and expansion of territory. It also unites people toward a particular goal but it leads to violence. The repercussions of war affects all nations involved physically, mentally, and psychologically. It is believed that ultranationalism can cause war, succession, and genocide. After the destruction of the following events, it will require to rebuild a nation and finacial reparations will be needed. In conclusion, ultranationalism has no long-term benefit in either nation since it leads to destruction and loss of lives.

  • East Timor was ruled by Portugal for about 3 centuries.
  • During World War II, thousands of East Timorese lost their lives helping Australian forces fight against the Japanese.
  • Due to a coup d'etat in Portugal, it declared East Timor as independent.
  • East Timor was then invaded by Indonesia shortly after Portugal abruptly left, in 1975.

Background

Map of Indonesian invasions in East Timor

  • At that time, Indonesia had military, economic and political support from countries such as UK, USA and Australia due its abundant resources.
  • Resources such as oil and gas reserves, a strategic location, various trade and cheap labor related interests.

East Timor Genocide

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