Introducing
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Questions
1. How if at all was your development intersectionalized?
2. Which identity status would you say that you would've fallen into? Achieved, Foreclosed, Moratorium, or Diffused?
3. Which do you think affected your identity the most and why? Racial/Ethnic, Spiritual/Religious, or Vocational/Political?
Emotion and Self-Esteem
Affective Development in Adolescence
Emotions vs. Moods
Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem - how you feel about yourself.
The affective domain includes personality, self-understanding, and emotional development.
Emotions - discrete effective states, usually felt in response to an external event.
Contrary to popular belief, self-esteem ratings among adolescents appear stable during high school. After a short-term drop during the transition to middle-school, self-esteem shows a gradual increase from 9th to 11th grade.
Chapter 10 Presentation: Charles Calvert & Eric Makowski
Moods - low-level generalized feelings generally rated on a continuum from positive to negative.
Defining yourself (the "I"), and imagining how others see you (the "Me").
During the teenage years, adolescents start to experience autonomy, and develop a sense of who they are. They also begin to feel emotions and moods with a new, deeper, intensity.
- this provides the adolescent with a sense of self-continuity, as well as the experience of uniqueness or distinctness from others
Affective Development In Middle Adolescence
Racial/Ethnic Identities
Individuation - the first step toward independence, which is an adolescent's psychological separation from their parents.
Racial Identity - the sense of self compared to other perceived racial groups.
Ethnic Identity - refers to a sense of belonging to an ethnic group such as Latinos or African-Americans.
Individuation takes place in two interrelated parts.
1. Intrapsychic - reviewing your sense of yourself (thinking about your likes and dislikes.)
2. Interpersonal - renegotiating your family relationships (beginning to date)
The development of racial identity is broken into four steps.
A sense of ethnic identity and the ability to be bicultural have been found to be protective factors against problematic behavior in adolescents.
While on the other hand, acculturation, or assimilation into the majority is a possible risk factor.
1. Pre-encounter - preferring the dominant culture's values over your own
2. Encounter - wanting to identify yourself with your racial/minority group, but not knowing how
3. Immersion/Emersion - Immersing yourself in your minority culture and rejecting the dominant society
4. Internalization/Commitment - experiencing a sense of fulfillment by integrating your personal and racial identities.
How the family, schools, and community affect development
Ego Development - describes changes in self-definition that involve increasingly complex ways of becoming a unique individual, based on gradually maturing levels of autonomy.
Theories of Individuation and Autonomy
Individuation
Racial/Ethnic Identities
Spiritual/ Religious Identity
Ego Development
Faith - a way of finding shared meaning and purpose in life, an orientation of the person towards values and beliefs, and a capacity to acknowledge and commit to a higher power.
Autonomy - autonomy is made up of 3 related dimensions.
Spiritual/Religious Identities
1. Behavioral Autonomy - active, independent functioning (self regulation and decision making).
Spirituality - a personal and subjective feeling or experience of connectedness/relationship/oneness with a higher power.
Autonomy
2. Cognitive Autonomy - Believing that you have control over your life.
3. Affective Autonomy - Gaining a sense of individuation from parents.
Religiosity - includes organized religious practices, such as church attendance, performance of rituals, church membership, etc...
Egocentrism and Identity Formation
Vocational/Political Identities
Moratorium
Egocentrism and Identity Formation
Egocentrism - adolescents must maintain a firm grasp on "who they are", and at the same time imagine "who they want to be."
Vocational/Political Identities
Identity Formation - adolescents have an ego identity, which is a person's awareness of their own uniqueness and the continuity of their identity over time.
Vocational/Political Identity - the vocational development and political commitments that may guide adolescents' future career goals.
Moratorium - the time and space to experiment with different roles and beliefs.
Career Development - vocational knowledge and the acquisition of work experience.
Political Development - the understanding of community action and the social processes through which political commitments and identities emerge.
This is usually described as an identity crisis, which is a critical turning point in the life of an adolescent. This usually involves some sort of "role confusion" as they are exploring different beliefs.
Development of Identity
Social Identity Theory
Intersectionality
Postmodern Identities
Identity Statuses
Postmodern Identities
Based on the degree of exploration and commitment revolving around one's identity, there are four identity statuses that people could fall in to.
Intersectionality - the ways that social identities (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, religion) mutually construct on another.
Social Identity Theory - states that identity develops not only from an individual's belonging to a group, but also from an affective component in which self-esteem is based on positive feelings about your group membership.
Postmodern views of adolescence see it as a time of fluidity and change. One of the most popular ways to examine this is to explore the notions of exploration and commitment.
For example: how might one's identity within an ethnic group affect one's gender role?
Foreclosed - making commitments without meaningful exploration of alternatives (e.g., doing what your parents want without questioning).
Achieved - exploring meaningful life directions prior to making commitments (e.g., successfully considering your identity choices)
Commitment - a stable investment in one's goals as evidenced by their actions
Exploration - the examination of alternatives with the intent of establishing a firm commitment in the near future.
Moratorium - actively searching for meaningful roles but not making any commitments (e.g., exploring your options).
Diffused - Not yet interested in exploring or making commitments.