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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS OF EVENTS

Definitions

Social impacts: SHORT TERM consequences that become apparent in form of IMMEDIATE and NOTICEABLE CHANGES in the QUALITY OF LIFE of the HOST COMMUNITIES and their adjustments to the tourist industry.

Cultural impacts: of LONG-TERM NATURE, based on the CHANGES of the host community’s SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, NORMS and STANDARDS.

Teo (1994), Brunt & Courtney (1999) Sharplay (1999)

Negatives

  • The carnival highlights segregation and the lack of fraternization between the communities
  • Inflated prices to watch star samba schools exclude brazilians from attending
  • Cost of Sambadrome (permanent structure)

References And Recommended Reading

Positives

BBC Sport, 2013. 20 memories of London Olympics. BBC Sort. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19238810 [Accessed 19 March 2013].

Carlsen J., Ropertson M., Knight J. A., 2012. CFEM Events and Festivals: Beyond Economic Impact – ACCESS – a research agenda for Edinburgh Events and Festivals. Edinburgh, Napier University Business School. Available from: http://www.uel.ac.uk/londoneast/research/documents/ACCESSMain.pdf [Accessed 19 March 2013].

Hall, M., 2004. Sport tourism and urban regeneration. In: B.W. RITCHIE AND D. ADAIR, eds. Sport tourism – interrelationships, impacts and issues. Clevedon (UK): Channel Publications 192-205

Juslen, J., 1996. The social dimension of determining significance. Paper for the International Association for Impact Assessment, Estoril.

Kim. H., Chang. H. S., Huh. C., 2013. The Relationship between Types of Tourists and Destination Authenticity. Texas Tech University., Florida State University., Available from: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1161&context=gradconf_hospitality [Accessed 19 March 2013].

Lewis, J.M., 1980. The structural dimensions of fan violence. In: P. KLAVORA AND K.A WIPER, eds. Psychological and sociological factors in sport. Toronto: University of Toronto press. 148-155.

Maguire, J., 1999. Global sport: identities, societies, civilizations. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Mathieson A., Wall G., 1992. Tourism: economic, physical and social impacts. Longman, London

Mihalik, B.J. AND Simonetta, L., 1999. A midterm assessment of the host population’s perception of the 19996 Olympics: Support, attendance, benefits and liabilities. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 244-248.

Mintel, 2004. Sport Tourism –International. Travel & Tourism Analyst, 17.

Mules, T. and Faulkner, B., 1996. An economic perspectives on special events. Tourism Economics, 2(2), 314-329.

Orne, W. and Manzenreiter, J., 2004. Global governance in world sport and the 2002 World Cup Korea/Japan. In: W. MANZENREITER AND J. HORNE, eds. Football goes East - business, culture and the people’s game in China, Japan and South Korea. Oxon (UK): Routledge. 1-25

Ritchie, J. and Lyons, M., 1990. A post-event assessment of resident reaction to the XV Olympic Winter Games. Journal of Travel Research, 28(3).

Ritchie, J., 1984. Assessing the impact of hallmark events: conceptual and research issues. Journal of Travel Research, 23(1), 2-11.

Stone., P. 2011. Socio-cultural impact of events: meanings authorised transgression and social capital. London: Routledge. Available from: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=philip_stone [Accessed from 19 March 2013].

Tomorrwland Global. 2013. Tomorrowland global tickets sell out in 1 second. Dancing Astronaut. Available from: http://www.dancingastronaut.com/2013/02/tomorrowland-tickets-sell-out-in-one-second/ [Accessed 19 March 2012].

Topoften. 2013. Top ten festivals in the world. Topoften 2013. Available from: http://topoften.com/top-ten-festivals-in-the-world/ [Accessed 19 March 2013].

Wood. E. H., 2005. Measuring the economic and social impacts of local authority events. Leeds Metropolitan Univeristy. Available from: http://www.ataland.com/Files/Articles/118.pdf [Accessed 19 March 2012].

RIO DE JANEIRO CARNIVAL

What are impacts ?

  • Rio Carnival promotes urban life -revitalizing traditions and building community pride
  • Deep community involvement
  • Participants are residents of Favelas (slums)
  • The event is expected to draw 756,000 people from across the globe
  • The event is broadcasted internationally

WHO?

  • within the community, local residents
  • wider community, people in locality
  • external to the community (visitors, tourists, business stakeholders)

TOURISM IRRITATION INDEX (DOXEY 1976)

-A theory on how hosts and guests interact, related to the theory of culture shock-There are 4 stages:

Level of EUPHORIA- the hosts welcome strangers, mutual feeling of satisfaction.

Level of APATHY- tourists become a target for profit making, do not know whether to welcome the guests or not.

Level of IRRITATION- expansion of facilities needed, angry with tourists, concerned about crime, disruption, cultural rules being broken.

Level of ANTAGONISM- Local people/ hosts blame tourists for the problems. Become hostile towards the guests

LONDON 2012

Tomorrowland

POSITIVES:

  • Building Community Pride
  • Shared Experience (gatherings, FB & Twitter)
  • Opening Ceremony (Britain Culture going worldwide)
  • The legacy (the park and new homes)
  • Assisting community groups (free tickets to children)
  • lower crime rates

MANAGING THE IMPACTS

Changes in peoples:

  • behaviors
  • attitudes
  • perceptions
  • beliefs
  • knowledge
  • well-being
  • learning and skills

Impacts can be:

  • Direct/ Indirect
  • Positive/ Negative
  • Process/ Outcome
  • -Positive Impacts -
  • Shared experience - 'Friends from over 75 countries’ all experiencing the same event. Hosting over 180,000 guests.
  • “most international gathering on the planet.”- music fans from over 214 countries,10 more than attended the 2012 Olympics!
  • Introduces new and challenging ideas to other cultures- new concepts of presenting music.
  • -Negative Impacts-
  • Social dislocation - Tickets sold out in a record breaking 1 second, many will feel excluded and isolated not being able to get tickets. Influx of tickets went to Spain and USA, gives a negative image with in the event.
  • Bad behavior- Substance abuse associated with the type of music played.

NEGATIVES:

  • Security concerns and terrorism threat
  • Traffic chaos, queues, inconveniences
  • Pollution, noise, air traveling
  • Limited tickets
  • Money issues: increased taxes for locals

•effective tourism planning to maximize host benefits

•community participation in tourism planning

•government legislation

•monitor levels of tourist activity

•education of tourist residents

Quiz

The intensity of social and cultural impacts depends on...

•length of stay

•geographical location

•importance of tourism /events to the community

•level of tourist development

•cultural polarisation

•competition for resources

•type of tourist/activity- (Cohen classification of tourists)

  • What is the difference between Social And Cultural Impacts?
  • Say three positive impacts that would occur in an event?
  • Say three negative impacts that would occur in an event
  • Why are social and cultural impacts so hard to measure?
  • Give an example of a method that might be used to measure the impacts.
  • How would you manage the impacts before the event?
  • How many stages are there in Doxey’s tourism irritation index?
  • Name one of these stages?
  • And finally name a positive and negative impact that either, the Olympics, Tomorrowland, or Rio de Janeiro have on the local community.

POSITIVES

-Shared Experience - people coming together to share an experience

-Revitalizing Traditions - bring traditions to life, conservation of culture (art,craft dance)

-Building Community Pride - reinforcing pride in the community, improving the community e.g environmental efforts

-Expanding cultural perspectives - learning about different cultures

-Introducing new challenges and ideas- showing people things they may not have seen before.

-Assisting Community Groups- development projects, e.g building of a new school, helping with standards of living and health

HOW TO MEASURE?

-Social and Cultural Impacts are hard to measure-

Examine:

  • engagement of the community
  • satisfaction of the community
  • benefits to the community
  • legacies (post-event and on-going)
  • economic improvements in the community

Some methods:

  • before and after comparisons
  • interviews
  • focus groups
  • observations
  • surveys

but How reliable can these be?

NEGATIVES

- Community Alienation- Local council makes decisions which are not necessarily what the community want

-Negative community image- break down of moral values.

- Bad Behavior- conflict, crime, prostitution, substance abuse, gambling

-Social dislocation- feeling of being displaced and vulnerable in the community

-Loss of Amenity- impacts quality, comfort and convenience of life

-Demonstration Effect- (effects on the behavior of individuals caused by observation of the actions of others and their consequences)

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