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Social impacts: SHORT TERM consequences that become apparent in form of IMMEDIATE and NOTICEABLE CHANGES in the QUALITY OF LIFE of the HOST COMMUNITIES and their adjustments to the tourist industry.
Cultural impacts: of LONG-TERM NATURE, based on the CHANGES of the host community’s SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, NORMS and STANDARDS.
Teo (1994), Brunt & Courtney (1999) Sharplay (1999)
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WHO?
-A theory on how hosts and guests interact, related to the theory of culture shock-There are 4 stages:
Level of EUPHORIA- the hosts welcome strangers, mutual feeling of satisfaction.
Level of APATHY- tourists become a target for profit making, do not know whether to welcome the guests or not.
Level of IRRITATION- expansion of facilities needed, angry with tourists, concerned about crime, disruption, cultural rules being broken.
Level of ANTAGONISM- Local people/ hosts blame tourists for the problems. Become hostile towards the guests
POSITIVES:
Changes in peoples:
Impacts can be:
NEGATIVES:
•effective tourism planning to maximize host benefits
•community participation in tourism planning
•government legislation
•monitor levels of tourist activity
•education of tourist residents
Quiz
•length of stay
•geographical location
•importance of tourism /events to the community
•level of tourist development
•cultural polarisation
•competition for resources
•type of tourist/activity- (Cohen classification of tourists)
-Shared Experience - people coming together to share an experience
-Revitalizing Traditions - bring traditions to life, conservation of culture (art,craft dance)
-Building Community Pride - reinforcing pride in the community, improving the community e.g environmental efforts
-Expanding cultural perspectives - learning about different cultures
-Introducing new challenges and ideas- showing people things they may not have seen before.
-Assisting Community Groups- development projects, e.g building of a new school, helping with standards of living and health
-Social and Cultural Impacts are hard to measure-
Examine:
Some methods:
but How reliable can these be?
- Community Alienation- Local council makes decisions which are not necessarily what the community want
-Negative community image- break down of moral values.
- Bad Behavior- conflict, crime, prostitution, substance abuse, gambling
-Social dislocation- feeling of being displaced and vulnerable in the community
-Loss of Amenity- impacts quality, comfort and convenience of life
-Demonstration Effect- (effects on the behavior of individuals caused by observation of the actions of others and their consequences)