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Armero Tragedy,

Nevado del Ruiz Volcanic Eruption

Causes

-Volcano's form due to built up pressure under the earths surface, that then escape's or 'erupts' through a vent in the crust

Presented by: Clare, Isabelle and Sarah

- In the case of Nevado del Ruiz the hot ash and lava mixing with the ice-cap on the volcano caused pyroclastic flows, which in turn

caused massive mudslides called lahars that swept down the mountain and decimated the village and almost all the people in it

-Pyroclastic flow is a deadly mix of sulfuric gas and hot ash

-It is propelled forward as well as created by hot/cold contact with ice (or water) and travels at speeds of 2000 km/hour

-Lahar's are ginormous volcanic mudflow that are caused from pyroclastic flows mixing with ice-caps, that are melting due to hot/cold contact with the lava and hot ash.

The Lahar's were responsible for 1/3 of the death and destruction in towns around Nevado

-Despite its fast moving nature it also has temperatures of up to 800º Celsius and toxic gas that can kill you up to 20 years after inhalation.

-Subduction faults

Armero and Nevado del Ruiz ...

Before the tragedy ...

Effects of the volcano...

-As Nevado del Ruiz is stratovolcano it only erupts every 400 years or so, and therefore, there is no record of the last eruption

Armero

-After the original blasts, the evacuation and relocation of the settlements and the following full eruptions complete with large amounts of pyroclastic flow and colossal lahar's, the settlements had no hope.

-Armero was a large farming town in Tolima, Columbia

-However there is physical evidence of prior eruption from the volcano, such as 20 000 year old rock remains from long gone pyroclastic flow.

-The farming district was the source of small wealth with:

The Volcano, Nevado del Ruiz

-Nevado del Ruiz is 5,400 meters high

-Nevado is a stratovolcano

-This volcano is only prone to erupt every 400 years

-Notorious for causing lahars, volcanic mudslides

-The summit is cover 30 meter ice cap all year round

-Is 28th on the list of the highest volcanoes in the world and 9th on the world listing of deadliest and most tragic volcanic eruptions

-good land

-a little livestock (sheep and cows)

-coffee plantations

-Over 96% of the town and all of the surrounds were destroyed, 99% of all income (livestock, crops etc.) were decimated and over 23 000 people died.

-Little quality infrastructure Therefore, People have no protection from any natural disatsters

-Also, as stated previously, Armero and the outlying settlements surrounding Nevado del Ruiz were small and farmed for their livings and had no record of previous blasts

-Because of this, they never what was going to hit them that day

The next Steps...

November 13th, 1985...

This small, the well-going, peaceful township of Armero, could never have known what would happen on this day.

9:08 pm

3:06 pm

-the town was finally settled and after a hectic day everyone was ready for a peaceful night

-The inital blasts of the volcano started at 3:06 pm

-the volcano suddenly started erupt again, but this time on a whole new scale

7:00pm

-The locals were confused and startled about what was happening, but saw no reason to react to the incident that was occurring above them

-ash, lava and large rock began to shoot out of the nose of the volcano and as it mixed with the permanent ice-cap on the mountain

-The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz was due to a 400 year build up in the lower magma chambers of the volcano

-The eruption was inevitable, as are any future eruptions to come, as they undoubtedly will in later centuries

The volcano's eruption does not (and did not) only effect:

-towns and farmland in the immediate proximity, it also effects;

-all surroundings and;

-even the atmosphere around the eruption

-Poor preparation and bad education on the peoples own environment was the main killer in this natural disaster, because as stated before, whilst the eruption was inevitable the loss was not

-With a properly lead evacuation and no pre-assumptions made as to when the eruption had stopped the death and destruction toll could have been halved, as it will be in the future

-Many steps have been taking to inform and prepare the locals both present and future so that the right steps can be taken and all life can be preserved

-The Red Cross ordered an evacuation at about 7pm

-this created large amounts of deadly pyroclastic flows and colossal mudslides

-In the next few hours Pumice, ash and rock started to rain down onto the village and outlying settlements

-However, many of the people were reluctant to leave as they couldn't take their livestock and crop investments with them

-Large amounts of people remained behind in the hope nothing would be forth coming, but were unaware there decision would mean almost certain death

-The evacuation was then cancelled due to the fact the volcano suddenly stoped spewing out ash and rock

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