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Increasing globalization and cultural diversity have brought more cross-cultural communication issues.
> it is a field of study that looks at how people differing to communicate across cultural backgrounds.
Loud
Deeply
Quickly
> represents another potential area for misunderstanding across cultures
Sensing
-Postpone evaluation
-Avoid interruptions
-Maintain interest
Evaluating
-Empathize
-Organize Information
Responding
-Show Interest
-Clarify the message
-suggest that communication effectiveness depends on the ability of sender and receiver to efficiently and accurately encode and decode information.
encoding-decoding process is more effective when both parties are skilled and enjoy using the selected communication channel.
common understanding of the environment relating to the information
dictionaries of symbols, language, gestures, ideas, and other tools used to convey information
communication participants are able to encode and decode more accurately because they both have the same or similar meaning.
becoming more proficient at using the codebook of symbols to convey the message.
-uses words and occurs through either spoken/written channels
-any part of communication that does not use words
USER-GENERATED CONTENT
- it makes life better and easier by connecting to a network
- started in 1960's funds by the U.S Department of Defense
- 1969- ARPANET became a reality
- 1971 sent the first electronic mail message between different computers on a network.
- Developed by two graduates of Duke University
-allowed people to post information that could be retrieved by anyone else on the network, thus making it the first public computer mediated social network
Hard copy newsletters and magazines
Web-Based Sources of information
Diageo and many other companies are improving communication by tearing down walls
Social Influence:
Media Richness:
“ The best Fertilizer in any field is that of the farmer’s footsteps.”
Management By Walking Around(MBWA)
> multi-tasking in communication- using two or more channels at the same time
According to Prof. Keith Davis "Grapevine arises from social interaction, It is as fickle, dynamic and varied as people are. It is the exercise of their freedom of speech and is a natural, normal activity".
> some people can "push" out more message in computer- mediated technology
3. Rapid communication: Grapevine communication system is more faster than other formal or informal channels of communication.
4. No record: We can't keep any documentary record or evidence of grapevine communication system that can be shown or produced as future reference.
5. Used for self-interest: As grapevine communication system is produced by gossip and rumor, It is basically used for self-interest of the employees of an organization.
> effect of status and other social factors reduce efficiency of rich channels
6. Popular among employees: This communication system is much popular among the employees than other formal or informal channels.
7. Distortion: Distorting of real massage is one of the major features of grapevine communication system. In this communication process information passes rapidly man to man. That's why the information losses its originality.
8 Spontaneous: Grapevine is basically spontaneous. It passes rapidly and spontaneously from top to bottom of the organization. Here is no need to make any effort to make it successful
*Early research findings
*Changes due to internet
1. Flexibility: There is no formal control on grapevine. For this reason, It is more flexible communication system than any other ways of communication.
2. Lack of control: Actually, there is no managerial control over the grapevine communication system. It is grown by itself.
*Benefits
*Limitations
> is a huge source of communication noise that both sender and receiver might not have the same codebook.
> refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. while often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.
> are specialized words and phrases for specific occupations or groups
> involves deleting or delaying negative information or using less harsh words so the message sound more favorable
> it refers to the difficulty a person can have understanding an issue and making decisions that can be caused by the presence of too much information
> the amount of information that people are able to process in a fixed unit of time