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Increasing globalization and cultural diversity have brought more cross-cultural communication issues.

Nonverbal differences across cultures

COMMUNICATING IN TEAMS AND ORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER 9

Cross-Cultural and Gender Communication

Cross-Cultural

> it is a field of study that looks at how people differing to communicate across cultural backgrounds.

VOICE INTONATION

Loud

Deeply

Quickly

Nonverbal Communication

> represents another potential area for misunderstanding across cultures

Gender Differences in Communication

COMMUNICATION

>the lifeblood of the organization

>the process by which information is transmitted and understood between two or more people.

LO5

Improving Interpersonal Communication

  • Getting your message across
  • Active listening

Active Listening Process

Sensing

-Postpone evaluation

-Avoid interruptions

-Maintain interest

Evaluating

-Empathize

-Organize Information

Responding

-Show Interest

-Clarify the message

LO1:

Model of Communication

-suggest that communication effectiveness depends on the ability of sender and receiver to efficiently and accurately encode and decode information.

Influences on Effective Encoding and Decoding

The Importance of Communication

1. Communication Channel Proficiency.

encoding-decoding process is more effective when both parties are skilled and enjoy using the selected communication channel.

3. Shared Mental Model of the Communication Context

common understanding of the environment relating to the information

2. Similar Codebooks.

dictionaries of symbols, language, gestures, ideas, and other tools used to convey information

communication participants are able to encode and decode more accurately because they both have the same or similar meaning.

4. Experience encoding the message.

becoming more proficient at using the codebook of symbols to convey the message.

LO2

Communication Channels

channel or medium

-critical part of the communication model through which information is transmitted

-uses words and occurs through either spoken/written channels

two main types of channels:

1. verbal communication

2. nonverbal communication

-any part of communication that does not use words

WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA

-serve several functions : presenting the individual's identity, enabling conversations, sharing information, sensing the presence of others in the virtual space

SOCIAL MEDIA

USER-GENERATED CONTENT

PROBLEMS WITH E-MAIL

-creative content and produced outside of professional routines and practices.

E-MAIL

-tends to be preferred medium for sending well-defined information for decision making

-it alters the flow of information within groups and throughout the organization

-reduces some face-to-face and telephone communication but increased communication with people further up the hierarchy.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

- influences facial gestures, voice intonation, physical distance, and even silence.

INTERNET-BASED COMMUNICATION

1. Poor Medium for Communicating Emotions

2. Reduces Politeness and respect

3. Poor Medium for Ambiguous, Complex, and Novel Situations

4. Contributes to Information Overload

- it makes life better and easier by connecting to a network

(ARPANET) Advance Research Projects Agency Network

- started in 1960's funds by the U.S Department of Defense

- 1969- ARPANET became a reality

- 1971 sent the first electronic mail message between different computers on a network.

USENET

- Developed by two graduates of Duke University

-allowed people to post information that could be retrieved by anyone else on the network, thus making it the first public computer mediated social network

LO6

Three Communication Strategies:

  • WORKSPACE DESIGN
  • INTERNET-BASED ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
  • DIRECT COMMUNICATION WITH TOP MANAGEMENT

Improving Communication throughout Hierarchy

Choosing the Best Communication Channel

Hard copy newsletters and magazines

Internet-Based Organizational Communication

Social Acceptance

WORKSPACE DESIGN

Web-Based Sources of information

> refers to how well the communication medium is approved and supported by the organization, teams, and individuals.

Diageo and many other companies are improving communication by tearing down walls

Social Influence:

  • team and organization norms about preferred communication channels
  • individual preferences for specific communication channels
  • symbolic meaning of the communication channels

Direct Communication With Top Management

Media Richness:

  • also known as information richness theory
  • Developed by Richard L. Draft and Robert H. Lengel
  • The medium's data-carrying capacity

“ The best Fertilizer in any field is that of the farmer’s footsteps.”

Management By Walking Around(MBWA)

Factors that Overrides Media Richness

Organizational Grapevine

  • Ability to Multi-communicate

Communicating through the Grapevine

> multi-tasking in communication- using two or more channels at the same time

  • The grapevine is a communication system or process which is barely informal communication system.
  • It is comprised of gossip and rumor .

According to Prof. Keith Davis "Grapevine arises from social interaction, It is as fickle, dynamic and varied as people are. It is the exercise of their freedom of speech and is a natural, normal activity".

  • More varied proficiency levels

> some people can "push" out more message in computer- mediated technology

  • Social distractions of rich channels
  • According to Prof. J. W. Newstrom and others,
  • "Grapevine has three main characteristics--
  • It is not controlled by management.
  • It is perceived by the most employees as being more believable and reliable.
  • It is largely used to serve the self-interest of those people withing it."

A communication channel has high richness when:

3. Rapid communication: Grapevine communication system is more faster than other formal or informal channels of communication.

4. No record: We can't keep any documentary record  or evidence of grapevine communication system that can be shown or produced as future reference.

5. Used for self-interest: As grapevine communication system is produced by gossip and rumor, It is basically used for self-interest of the employees of an organization.

> effect of status and other social factors reduce efficiency of rich channels

LO3

6. Popular among employees: This communication system is much popular among the employees than  other formal or informal channels.

7. Distortion: Distorting of real massage is one of the major features of grapevine communication system. In this communication process information passes rapidly man to man. That's why the information losses its originality.

8 Spontaneous: Grapevine is basically spontaneous. It passes rapidly and spontaneously from top to bottom of the organization. Here is no need to make any effort to make it successful

- able to convey multiple cues (such as both verbal and nonverbal information)

- allows timely feedback

-allows customize message

- permits complex symbols

(such as words and phrases with multiple meaning)

Grapevine Network

Features of grapevine :

*Early research findings

  • Transmits information rapidly in all directions
  • Follows a cluster chain patterns
  • Transmits some degree of truth

*Changes due to internet

  • Email becoming the main grapevine medium
  • Social networks are now global
  • Public blogs and forums extends gossip to everyone

1. Flexibility: There is no formal control on grapevine. For this reason, It is more flexible communication system than any other ways of communication.

2. Lack of control: Actually, there is no managerial control over the grapevine communication system. It is grown by itself.

*Benefits

  • Fills in missing information from formal sources
  • Strengthens corporate culture
  • Relieves anxiety
  • Signals that problems exist

*Limitations

  • Distortions might escalate anxiety
  • Perceived lack of concern for employees when company information is slower than grapevine

LO4

Communication Barriers (Noise)

Ambiguity of Languages

> is a huge source of communication noise that both sender and receiver might not have the same codebook.

What is a communication noise?

> refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. while often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.

Jargon

> are specialized words and phrases for specific occupations or groups

Filtering messages

> involves deleting or delaying negative information or using less harsh words so the message sound more favorable

Information Overload

> it refers to the difficulty a person can have understanding an issue and making decisions that can be caused by the presence of too much information

Information Processing Capacity

> the amount of information that people are able to process in a fixed unit of time

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