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Side effects of vaccination

✳✱*

- Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction to antigen)

-with symptoms ( mouth swell , difficult breathing, low BP)

- within 15 minutes of receiving the vaccine, can treat it with

: adrenaline hormone to reduce your body's allergic response

: Oxygen

- Soreness

- Swelling

-Redness

-Nausea

-Fatigue

Case study

Process of producing vaccine

1) (surface antigen) taken from human carriers of HB virus infection

2) DNA isolated from HB virus, cut using restriction enzyme at recognition site

3) Extract plasmid DNA from yeast cell and isolated... form complementary sticky ends

4) Forming plasmid vector which transfers genetic material from one cell to another

5) Isolated HB virus antigen inserted into plasmid vector via ligation forming recombinant DNA

6) Introduced into yeast cell forming recombinant yeast cell

5) Added into fermentation tank, growth of yeast cell producing HB antigen for few hours

7) Added into fermentation tank, growth of yeast cell producing HB antigen for few hours

8) Then antigen protein released from yeast cell , purified, ready to be used as vaccine

9) When antigen from virus in vaccine given to patients, immune system stimulated to produce antibodies to protect against it

6) Then antigen protein released from yeast cell , purified, ready to be used as vaccine

Patient has acute HB infection

7) When antigen from virus in vaccine given to patients, immune system stimulated to produce antibodies to protect against it

received 5 HB vaccines

Conclusion

- Vaccination is good

- creates long-term immunity ( 30 years )

- > 90 percent protection

  • On the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines ( effective and safe medicines needed in a health system )

initial response to it moderate , reached good amount of anti HB antibodies in response to it

- Decline of HB virus due to vaccination given to children and teenagers

after 14 years after booster vaccination he developed full-blown acute hepatitis due to an HBV infection

patient was infected with a normal HBV strain that is circulating among men who have sex with men

Vaccination

genuine hepatitis B vaccination failure

Background

  • safe and effective
  • Recommended at birth

liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus

2 phases to this infection

worldwide healthcare problem ( developing areas )

  • Completing series of shots for full protection

350 million people chronically infected, and causes approximately 1 million deaths annually

Structure of HB virus

Treating Hepatitis B

- given in 3 doses over few months ( booster shots ) because body take time to develop immunity

Acute hepatitis B (short-term illness ) first 6 months

- mild symptoms

- can clear virus without treatment & be immune

- DNA

- DNA polymerase

-core antigen

- surface antigen

- no cure, manage symptoms and rest

- approved drug treatment to slow down virus , reduce potential damage to liver

  • Lamivudine
  • Adefovir Dipivoxil

It can be fatal if not treated

- lifestyle changes

- Vaccination

Symptoms

Chronic hepatitis B ( lifelong infection)

- serious health problem ( liver damage, lead to cancer,death )

Nausea and vomiting

Weakness and fatigue

Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)

Hepatitis B virus vaccine

Abdominal pain

Dark urine

Fever

Joint pain

Loss of appetite

Hepatitis B ( silent infection )

- can live for decades without having symptoms , but virus silently damages liver

History

Genevieve Chen Mei Jern

Transmission

1963

  • Dr Baruch Blumberg discovered the first HBV vaccine

1968

  • Hilleman figured out how to inactivate HB virus while retaining the surface protein
  • Developed process to purify blood
  • HB surface proteins remained & other virus killed
  • Confident vaccine was safe

1986

  • Chiron corporation ( company in Cali ) made recombinant DNA vaccine using yeast

SPREAD when blood, semen, body fluid infected with the HB virus enters the body of unaffected person , via :

  • Birth (spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth)

  • Sexual intercourse

  • Sharing needles / syringe / toothbrush / razors

Not spread through food/ water/ hugging /hand holding

Vaccination

Vaccination

1) (surface antigen) taken from human carriers of HB virus infection

2) DNA isolated from HB virus, cut using restriction enzyme at recognition site

3) Extract plasmid DNA from yeast cell and isolated... form complementary sticky ends

4) Forming plasmid vector which transfers genetic material from one cell to another

1) (surface antigen) taken from human carriers of HB virus infection

2) DNA isolated from HB virus, cut using restriction enzyme at recognition site

3) Extract plasmid DNA from yeast cell and isolated... form complementary sticky ends

4) Forming plasmid vector which transfers genetic material from one cell to another

5) Isolated HB virus antigen inserted into plasmid vector via ligation forming recombinant DNA

6) Introduced into yeast cell forming recombinant yeast cell

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