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(Un)divided Attention

Divided attention is paying attention

to more than one thing at a time (Goldstein, 2015, p. 87). The video "Big Bang Theory - Undivided Attention" shows how Sheldon expects Amy to give him her undivided attention in what he's saying just because he likes it but because she's not her attention is divided (2014).

Types of attention

Selective Attention

Attending to one thing while ignoring others (Goldstein, 2015, p. 87). This was shown in the video "Selective Attention Test" which shows how we can overlook a gorilla entering the scene because of being focused on something else (2010).

Broadbent's Filter

Model of Attention

Bumps in the Road

When Things Go Awry

Broadbent proposed this theory based on results of experiments studying selective attention. He proposed that our minds bottleneck which is when we filter or restrict the information we give our attention to (Goldstein, 2015, p. 89).

Understanding attention

Jill Price had an incredible episodic memory, sounds great right? On the contrary Price said it caused her great anguish and made her feel as though she belonged in a mental hospital. Price could never live in the immediate present, rather, she continued to relive the past in great detail (The Woman Who Could Not Forget Video, 2008).

Episodic, Semantic,

& Autobiographical

Episodic memory involves "mental time

time travel." Semantic memory involves common knowledge. Autobiographical memory involves a combination of episodic and semantic memory (PSY271 Chapter 6 Video, 2015).

4. Attention

Types of Long Term Memory

Cognitive Psychology Mind Map

Long-Term Memory

Short-Term Memory

Focusing on specific features, objects, or locations or on certain thoughts or activities (Goldstein, 2015, p. 4).

Holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds (Golstein, 2015, p. 121).

A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periodsof time. Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model activity in the synapse (Goldstein, 2015, p. 6).

According to Gestalt Psychologists

Principle of Good Continuation

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, object that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object (Goldstein, 2015, p. 65).

Sensory Memory

Types of Memory

Gestalt Principles of Organization

This is an initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second (Goldstein, 2015, p. 121).

The whole is different from the sum of its parts (Goldstein, 2015, p. 64).

Law of Pragnz

5. Memory

How We Organize Information

Leah Mercedes Sprock

Also known as the Principle of Good Figure or the Principle of Simplicity. It says that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible (Goldstein, 2015, p. 65).

According to Gestalt Psychologists

The processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas and skills after the original information is no longer present (Goldstein, 2015, p. 5).

1. Knowledge

Communication

2. Perception

Conceptual Knowledge allows us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties (PSY 271 Chapter Nine Video, 2015).

Conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses (Goldstein, 2015, p. 3).

How to acquire it

Processing

Language

Mirror Neurons

A system of communication through sounds and symbols. It allows to convey thoughts, emotion, and share experiences (PSY271 Chapter 11 Video, 2015).

Cited Works

Mirror neurons allow us to take on the experience of another. However, we are able to differentiate between other people's experiences and our own for a thing like touch because our sensory nerves tell us its not happening to us (Mirror Neurons that Shaped Civilization, 2009).

Acquisition

Language can be acquired spontaneously through observation without planned training, this was demonstrated through the ape Kanzi (Language: Crash Course Psychology #16, 2014).

Processing

Interaction of Neurons

Neural Networks

Top-Down and Bottom-Up

Processing

Bottom-up processing is when information from the light entering the eye and electrical signals.

Top-down processing is processing that originates in the brain, at the "top" of the perceptual system (Goldstein, 2015, p. 59).

Our brains can be compared to computer systems, computer scientists call our system of neurons neural networks. The idea being that well designed input and output nodes process information (Intro to Neural Networks Video, 2009).

3. Problem Solving

Andersson, Daniel. (2014, April 6). The Big Bang Theory. [Video File] Retrieved from

Crash Course. (2014). Language: Crash Course Psychology #16. YouTube. Retrieved from YouTube. Retrieved from

Crista, J. (2008). The Woman Who Could Not Forget - Jill Price. YouTube. Retrieved from

Goldstein, E. B. (2015). Cognitive psychology: connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Miami E-Learning. (2015). PSY 271 chapter six. YouTube. Retrieved from

Miami E-Learning. (2015). PSY271 Chapter Nine. (November 2015). Miami E-Learning. [video file]. Retrieved from

Miami E-Learning. (2015). PSY271ChapterEleven. (November 2015). Miami E-Learning. [video file]. Retrieved from

Miami E-Learning (November 2, 2015). PSY271ChapterTwelve [Video File]. Retrieved from

Ramachandran. V. (2009). The neurons that shaped civilization [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/vs_ramachandran_the_neurons_that_shaped_civilization/up-next.

How Nodes Learn

Backpropogation

A problem is an obstacle between present state and a goal, solution isn't immediately obvious (PSY 271 Chapter 12 Video, 2015).

This is how nodes learn. It starts with random weights, that allows the network to calculate outputs then connect it to the desired outputs and find the difference (Intro to Neural Networks Video, 2009).

Levels of knowledge

How to approach a problem

Novices vs. Experts

Experts solve problems in their field faster

and with more success than novices. Experts possess more knowledge and spend more time analyzing problems than novices. However, when given a problem outside their field experts perform no better than novices (PSY271 Chapter Twelve Video, 2015).

Gestalt Approach

Problem solving, for the Gestalt

psychologists, was about (1) how people represent a problem in their mind and (2) how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation (Goldstein, 2015, p. 336).

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