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Often, to resolve disputes, men
in the inupiat culture would have
song duels, in which they would
insult each other in song until one
withdrew in shame. These were
public events.
By 1854, commercial whaling ships arrived in Barrow and trade began between the Iñupiaq and European whalers.
Traditional subsistence patterns depend on location and season. The time of year affects the resources such as whales, marine mammals, fish, caribou, and plants.
For example:
Tunnel entrances below the living area were used to trap the cold air
Seal oil lamps made from soapstone or pottery would be used for heating, cooking and light.
Tools were most
commonly made for:
•butchering,
•tanning,
•carving,
•drilling,
•inscribing,
•sharpening
•and flaking.
The structures were rectangular, about 12-15 by 8-10 ft, made of sod blocks laid over driftwood or whalebone. A structure like this would hold eight to ten people
The bow drill was an important tool, used for starting fires as well as drilling holes in wood, bone, ivory.
Community homes called qargis were used as work and gathering areas.
Many places used the ground as insulation.
Traditional groups have a variety of tools made from:
Other tools include:
•scratching boards (for attracting seals to breathing holes
•bows
•arrows
•spears
•bolas (for taking birds)
•snares
Inupiaq houses were varied in material and design but followed a few basic rules.
Inupiaq society was centered around kinship. Strangers were treated as dangerous. Within families, relatives on either side were considered equal. Societies traded with one another, and intermarried.
The messenger feast is a celebration where nearby people come together for games and feasts.
The Inupiaq and St. Lawrence Island Yup'ik people are hunter-gatherer societies that live in North and Northwest Alaska.
Trade
A week long
celebration of games feasts and dance takes place at the end of the whaling season. people are tossed high into the air on a walrus hid until they can't tray upright anymore.
This was once used as a method to spot whales in the distance but eventually became a tradition.
Men and Women had strict roles to adhere to. Males hunted and built things, while women prepared food, tanned hides, and sewed clothing.
Many of these products were exchanged for Russian tobacco
One of the last trading fairs for the natives occurred Nuiqsut in the 1880s
Local trade goods include:
Inupiaq Video
The Umiaq was used for trade and hunting.
The Kayak was made with seal skin and
a wooden frame.
Clothing
The basket sled was used for land travel.
Snowshoes were used for walking. On snow.
FUN FACT!
On the tops and pants, made of caribou skins, the inside is sewn with the fur facing towards the body, and the top layer is sewn with the fur facing towards the open air.
The Inupiaq women’s coats had a larger hood for carrying small children. The St. Lawrence Island Yupik's, however, do not carry their babies in their parkas.
Traditional clothing consisted of:
Gloves were made from various skins, with the fur turned inside- like the inner pants & tops- and usually connected with leather strip around the neck.
The Inupiaq ate different things based on the location they lived in and the season it was.
Most meat was either dried or left to ferment or freeze in a hole to eat later in the year.
In the far north the Inupiaq ate primarily
Bowhead whale meat.
Those close to the seward peninsula and the coast relied on walrus meat.
The Inupiaq ate a wide range of animals including:
Seals, birds and their eggs, polar bears, dall sheep, foxes and musk-ox
Different Fish like:
pink and chum salmon, cod, inconnu, whitefish, herring and halibut.
The inland Inupiaq eat primarily caribou, salmon, and other freshwater fish.
Edible roots, shoots and ground berries were collected during the short summer season.
Inupiaq & St. Lawrence
Island Yupik region
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