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Resting cyst lies dormant on the ocean floor buried in sediment. The cyst could stay in this state for weeks, months or years.
These cysts are activated by coastal water pollution caused by humans
Large scale climatic oscillations- such as El Niño
The microorganism returns to the form of a cyst. The cyst falls to the ocean floor ready to germinate and repeat the life cycle when conditions are optimal.
This is a realatively short life cycle- about a week. But, the effects last much longer
Warm temperatures and increased light causes the cyst to germinate. The cysts breaks open, the cell reproduces by cell divison. Usually asexually.
Due to their high numbers of offspring, dinoflagellates can
cause widespread outbreaks of Red Tide spanning over hundreds of miles of ocean waters
They release a toxin that shellfish ingest.
If conditions remain optimal, the cell will divide reproducing exponentially. A single cell could produce 6,000 to 8,000 cell in one week.
The organism "blooms" near the surface of the water, giving the water a red tint. At the height of the bloom, 20 million cells can be present per liter of ocean water.
Estimated 495 million pounds a year
If not treated quickly for PSP, the disease will move quickly and the health of the indivdual declines rapidly
"Red Tide"
Disease caused by eating contaminated shellfish
In 2011, oyster sold in Virginia was up 38%- 23 million
Including: mussels, clams, oysters, shrimp, crabs or lobster. The shellfish do not experience illness or death. Shellfish are "filter feeders" - as they feed on the photoplankton, the toxin passes through the body of the shellfish and the toxin is absorb into the shellfish
Red Tide
Commercial fishing industry is one of the oldest industries in the United States
Economic
Fishermen bring in dockside value of 192 million annually
Community
Individuals, families
Loss of income
Virginia is the third largest producer of seafood products nationwide
Loss of tourism
Health scare
Prevention of PSP
Local businesses
Pay strict attention to warnings against eating shellfish
Saxitoxins are deadly and attack the body quickly. Blocks voltage-gated channels on the body's cellular level.
If there is doubt that shellfish may be contaminated by marine toxins contact agencies that track shellfish contamination
Political
Hampton Roads is the 7th wealthest seafood port in the nation
More Environmental
Factors
Over time fish and other marine could die
State agencies suffer budget cuts
People could suffer from respiratory problems if they go swimming
Harm ecosystems over time
Virginia exports seafood to 21 countries around the world
References:
Virginia has the largest production on the East Coast
http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/4/991
http://siobiolum.ucsd.edu/dino_intro.html
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/marinetoxins_g.htm
https://scripps.ucsd.edu/
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/r/red_tide.htm