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the Incas cultivated near seventy vegetable species: potatoes, yams, corn, chilis, cotton, tomato, peanut, cocoa and quinua.

The principal agricultural technologies:

  • Platforms or terraces (andenes o terrazas) to avoid the erosion and to take advantage of the hillsides and hills.
  • Waru waru, in which ruts were ploughed about the cultures and was filling them with water to create a microclimate better than the environment. ·
  • Dry Puddles, that were filling time of rains, very employee at the coast, called lagunas (quchakuna).

Were distinguished two: utilitarian and the ceremonial. The ceremonial ceramics were buried with the deaths, with food or drinks that would serve the dead men in his way to the other world. When the Spanish came, the pottery Inca lost his magic and ceremonial function and became utilitarian.

THE INCA EMPIRE OF VILCABAMBA

Vilcabamba

AGRICULTURE

ATAHUALPA´S DEAD

POTTERY

In 1533, in Plaza of Cajamarca.

Agreed to be baptized to try to abolish his sentence

Later, his body was taken to buried to an unknown place.

Francisco Pizarro made his brother Tupac Huallpa the new king, but it wasn t for a long time because he die of smallpox, so after this the Spanish could control the nation.

Atahualpa´s prison

" Do not be fooled by their honeyed words (refering to the Spaniards). They are all lies, if you think you deceive them as they did with me '.

In 1545 (some say it was in 1544 ), Alonso de Toro, lieutenant governor of Cuzco had offered an opportunity to almagristas that had betrayed Spain. He told them that if they killed Manco Inca I, he and therefore Spain, would forgive them. They agreed to betray his protector. One day in 1545, in Vilcabamba, seven almagristas men killed Manco Inca in front of his hijo. He, Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca, was later a chronicler, and narrated the death of his father:

Death of Manco Inca

The Spaniards left the room celebrating the death of her former protector and friend, but they were discovered by Captain Riamnchi Yupanqui, whom with some antis stopped them, withdrawing their horses and dragging them to the town where many were aware of what happened, and he gave those almagristas a cruel death, burning the most guilty. The heads of the seven Spanish killed by Manco Inca were displayed in the squares and streets of Vilcabamba. He was succeeded by his second son, Sayri Tupac, who resigned and left the throne to his elder brother (eldest son of Manco Inca).

Manco Inca

2nd Inca of Vilcabamba: Sayri Tupac

Sayri Tupac, with nine years old, became the 2nd Inca in Vilcabamba. This was a time of peace with the Spanish. Pedro de la Gasca offered to provide Sayri Tupac lands and houses in Cuzco, if he agreed to get out of separate territories in Vilcabamba. Tupac Sayri accepted, but during the preparations, their relative Paullu Inca suddenly died. This was taken as a bad omen (or a sign of betrayal Spanish) and Sayri Tupac remained at Vilcabamba.

Sayri Tupac’s life

Atahualpa was taken prisoner.

Hernando Pizarro, both made friends.

Atahualpa wanted his freedom (arrangements).

Gold and silver.

Order to kill Huascar.

Manco Inca’s Death and Sayri Tupac’s life

Francisco Borja Ponce

In 1556 Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru III and III of Cañete, took over the immense viceroyalty. As of Gasca, the new viceroy thought it would be safer for Spanish if Sayri Tupac was attracted to the area of Spanish colonization so they could control the Indian stronghold .

Sayri Tupac agreed to leave Vilcabamba. Traveling in a rich litter with 300 attendees. On January 5, 1560 was received amicably by Viceroy Hurtado in the viceregal capital, Lima. Sayri Tupac renounced his claim of the Inca Empire, he was converted to Catholicism and accepted baptism, getting a new name that was Diego. In return he received a full cotton perdel the title of mandated Yucay, large estates and rich income. He moved his residence to Yucay, northeast of a day trip from Cusco. In Cuzco, he married his sister Cusi Huarcay after receiving special dispensation of Pope Julius III. He had a daughter, Beatriz Clara Coya. Sayri Tupac never returned to Vilcabamba.

He died suddenly in 1561. His half brother Titu Cusi Yupanqui took control of Vilcabamba and the Inca resistance to the Spanish. Titu Cusi Tupac Sayri suspected he had been poisoned by the Spaniards.

Sayri Tupac’s Death

Atahualpa´s ambush

ATAHUALPA vs HUASCAR

ATAHUALPA & PIZARRO

He was born in 1526

he was priest of Sun.

He made an arrangement called “La Capitulación de Acobamba” with the president of Audiencia de Lima, Lope Garcia de Castro; in which Titu Cusi, had to leave Vilcabamba and to permit the entry of the evangelists and Titu would receive the same benefits of his brother.

Titu never trust in the Spanish .

He die in 1570, possibly caused by a pneumonia.

In 1532, he met Francisco Pizarro.

Priest Vicente de Valverde, tried to convince Atahualpa to accepted the catholicism and the king of Spain orders.

Was born for the year 1500.

His parents were Huayna Capac and Tocto Coca.

He got the kingdom of Quito.

They wanted an expansion of king.

Sayri Tupac’s Death

In 1556 Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru III and III of Cañete, took over the immense viceroyalty. As of Gasca, the new viceroy thought it would be safer for Spanish if Sayri Tupac was attracted to the area of Spanish colonization so they could control the Indian stronghold .

Sayri Tupac agreed to leave Vilcabamba. Traveling in a rich litter with 300 attendees. On January 5, 1560 was received amicably by Viceroy Hurtado in the viceregal capital, Lima. Sayri Tupac renounced his claim of the Inca Empire, he was converted to Catholicism and accepted baptism, getting a new name that was Diego. In return he received a full cotton perdel the title of mandated Yucay, large estates and rich income. He moved his residence to Yucay, northeast of a day trip from Cusco. In Cuzco, he married his sister Cusi Huarcay after receiving special dispensation of Pope Julius III. He had a daughter, Beatriz Clara Coya. Sayri Tupac never returned to Vilcabamba.

He died suddenly in 1561. His half brother Titu Cusi Yupanqui took control of Vilcabamba and the Inca resistance to the Spanish. Titu Cusi Tupac Sayri suspected he had been poisoned by the Spaniards.

TITU CUSI YUPANQUI

3

He was the penultimate leader of the neo-Incan state

1523 - 1571

He was a very brave leader, love his men, and made a wealth of the land that he attack.

1563 - 1571

Manco Inca

TUPAC AMARU I

ACOBAMBA TREATY

4

WAR WITH SPAIN

Last indigenous Sapa Inca of the Neo Inca state in Vilcabamba.

1545–1572

Sayri Tupac’s life

Using the justification that the Incas had "broken the inviolate law observed by all nations of the world regarding ambassadors" the new Viceroy, Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa, decided to attack and conquer Vilcabamba.

He declared war on April 14, 1572.

Death of Manco Inca

JUNE 1, 1572

WAR WITH SPAIN

Titu signed the Acobamba treaty with the authorities of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1566. They terminated the:

  • Hostilities
  • The title was given to Inga Inca and their descendants
  • Acts committed during the war were forgiven.

The Inca accepted Catholicism and was baptized with the name of Diego de Castro with his famiilia in 1568.

It also authorized the entry of missionaries in Vilcabamba.

2nd Inca of Vilcabamba: Sayri TupacSayri Tupac, with nine years old, became the 2nd Inca in Vilcabamba. This was a time of peace with the Spanish. Pedro de la Gasca offered to provide Sayri Tupac lands and houses in Cuzco, if he agreed to get out of separate territories in Vilcabamba. Tupac Sayri accepted, but during the preparations, their relative Paullu Inca suddenly died. This was taken as a bad omen (or a sign of betrayal Spanish) and Sayri Tupac remained at Vilcabamba.

First engagement of the war commenced in the Vilcabamba valley.

In 1545 (some say it was in 1544 ), Alonso de Toro, lieutenant governor of Cuzco had offered an opportunity to almagristas that had betrayed Spain. He told them that if they killed Manco Inca I, he and therefore Spain, would forgive them. They agreed to betray his protector. One day in 1545, in Vilcabamba, seven almagristas men killed Manco Inca in front of his hijo. He, Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca, was later a chronicler, and narrated the death of his father:

JUNE 23

The Spanish were still unaware of the death of the previous Sapa Inca.

They sent two ambassadors to continue negotiations.

They were both killed on the border by an Inca captain

The fort of Huayna Pucará surrendered to Spanish artillery fire.

The Inca army now in retreat opted to abandon their last city and head for the jungle to regroup.

JUNE 24

Spanish entered Vilcabamba to find it deserted and the Sapa Inca gone.

Pursued of TUPAC AMARU I

Execution of TUPAC AMARU I

Túpac Amaru was convicted of the murder of the priests in Vilcabamba, of which he was probably innocent.

Forty soldiers went in pursuit of the Inca.

They followed the river Masahuay.

The Spaniards captured a group of redskins, forced them to tell what they had seen.

" Do not be fooled by their honeyed words (refering to the Spaniards). They are all lies, if you think you deceive them as they did with me '.

Was sentenced to be

beheaded

The Spaniards left the room celebrating the death of her former protector and friend, but they were discovered by Captain Riamnchi Yupanqui, whom with some antis stopped them, withdrawing their horses and dragging them to the town where many were aware of what happened, and he gave those almagristas a cruel death, burning the most guilty. The heads of the seven Spanish killed by Manco Inca were displayed in the squares and streets of Vilcabamba. He was succeeded by his second son, Sayri Tupac, who resigned and left the throne to his elder brother (eldest son of Manco Inca).

The Spaniards built rafts. They discovered that Tupac Amaru had escaped by land.

His wife was going to give birth.

The Spaniards saw a campfire and they found the UARI Inca Tupac Amaru and his wife warming each other.

DEATH

Dictate a scribe

His death in 1570 caused by pneumonia.

The Augustinian missionaries gave him some remedies but the Andean thought it was poison.

This did not prevent the Inca stand firm regarding its sovereignty.

He came to dictate to a scribe, in 1570, a letter to King Philip II of Spain, in exposing the wrongs to which his people had been subjected

Religious Diego Ortiz was found guilty being tortured and later executed. Spaniards and mestizos who were in Vilcabamba were also "executed" and again began hostilities.

LATER, FINDING THAT ALVARADO HAD CAMPED COCHACOSA AND DIEGO DE ALMAGRO IN URCOS TEMPTED WITH THIS ALLIANCE FOR THE OCCUPATION OF CUSCO AND APPREHEND THE PIZARRO.

BROKEN NEGOTIATIONS, ALMAGRO AND PAULLO, IN APRIL 8 ENTERED THE CUSCO AND CAPTURE THE PIZARRO.

IN JULY 12, 1537 AFTER THE DEFEAT OF ALONSO DE ALVARADO BY ALMAGRO, MANCO INCA PROPOSED PAULLU FIGHT TOGETHER TO EXPEL THE SPANIARDS, BEING SARCASTICALLY REJECTED.

THE SEPTEMBER 15, 1537, PART ALMAGRO AND HIS ARMY OF CUSCO CARRYING PRISONER HERNANDO PIZARRO, BIG MISTAKE THAT COST HIM HIS LIFE IN JULY 1538.

IN THE VALLEY OF YUCAY RETALIATION AGAINST INCA ENDED WITH THE BURNING OF UMA VIAL, TISU YUPANQUI, TAYPI, TANQUI HUALPA, ORCO HUARANGA, ATOC SUQUI AND OTHERS.

THIS UNFORTUNATELY INCREASES THE MORAL VALUE OF THE INCA WHO CONTINUED THE FIGHT, PUTTING THEIR ENEMIES IN DISTRESS.

FROM MARCH TO JULY 1541 GUAMANGA CONSTANTLY THREATENED AND IN OCTOBER HE PRETENDED TO GO TO CUSCO.

Way to Cusco

REDUCED THE INCA RESISTANCE IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS , PROBABLY IN THE MONTH OF MARCH 1537, ALVARADO BEGAN THE MARCH TO CUZCO.

AFTER SOME TRAVEL, HE HAD TO FIGHT IN HUARICHACA BRIDGE, CAUSING HEAVY FIGHTING, HARASSED HIM CONSTANTLY. THIS CREATE NEW FIGHTINGS IN URIPA, CURAMPA AND COCHARAPA, REACHING COCHACASA AFTER A MONTH OF TRAVEL.

AT THE SAME TIME, DIEGO DE ALMAGRO RETURNING FROM CHILE WITH PAULLO INCA, CAMPED IN THE VILLAGE OF URCOS AND INITIATED NEGOTIATIONS WITH MANCO INCA YUPANQUI, FOR THE OCCUPATION OF CUZCO.

INCAS NEW CAMPAIGN

BECAUSE OF THE SUFFER OF HIS TROOPS, HE HAD TO DRIVE A HASTY RETREAT.

HE HAD TO LEFT HIS WIFE COYA CURA OCCLO AND HIS BROTHER CUSI RIMACHI, CAPTAIN OF HIS ARMY, WHO WERE PRISONERS.

AFTER PIZARRO OFFERED THESE PRISONERS IN EXCHANGE FOR HIS SURRENDER, MANCO INCA REJECTED AND THEY WERE KILLED.

THE YEAR 1538 WAS DIFFICULT FOR MANCO INCA, BECAUSE HE HAD TO FACE THE PIZARRISTAS, AND OTHER PROVINCIAL ARMIES THAT FOUGHT AGAINST HIM.

AFTER MANY BATTLES THE CAMPAIGN ENDS IN COLLASUYO IN LATE 1538 AND EARLY 1539 UNFAVORABLETO MANCO INCA.

IN 1539, IT WAS THE YEAR OF THE MOST ARDUOUS STRUGGLE AND RESISTANCE OF MANCO INCA.

Manco Inca - Puppet Emperor

Soon after Atahualpa’s death, Tupac Huallpa became Emperor, but he died shorlty after.

The Spaniards selected Manco Inca to be the next Sapa Inca.

He was a survivor of the civil war between the Hurin and the Hanan.

Abuses by the Spaniards increased and Manco Inca tried to escape, but he was imprisioned.

Manco Inca’s Rebellion

  • Cusi Yupanqui was succeeding in the attack of Cuzco, then he was sent to Lima.
  • Manco Inca’s army had the advantage until Almagro returned from his expedition to Chile.
  • Almagro attempted to secure Cuzco and Manco Inca was forced to retreat to Vilcabamba.

  • The Spaniards “released” him in order to pacify the Inca people.
  • Manco Inca then managed to escape, with the excuse of coming back with a golden statue for the Spanish.
  • He summoned his generals, united an army of around 50,000 to 300,000 native warriors and led them to Cuzco.
  • He made an oath to fight to death and restore the Inca Empire.

Manco Inca’s Rebellion

  • In 1536, Manco Inca’s army sieged Cuzco and the Spanish soldiers.
  • They didn’t attack instantly. Instead, started to retake nearby fortresses.
  • Then they fiercely attacked Cuzco at seven different points.
  • Some Spaniards escaped to the nearby fortress of Sacsahuaman and planned to retake it. Vila Uma.

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