Cold War

Pursuit of Opposing Goals

• Yalta Conference
• United Nations
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• Berlin Wall
• ICBM
• Sputnik
• U-2 Incident
• Iron Curtain
• Churchill
• Containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Airlift

• Korea divided at the 38th parallel
• DMZ zone established
• North Korea
• Communist dictator Kim Il Sung established collective farms, developed heavy industry, & built up the military
• South Korea
• Prospered due to U.S. aid & foreign trade
• established democracy
• 4 million soldiers & civilians died

• 38th Parallel
• Douglas MacArthur
• Armistice

• Geneva International Peace Conference
• Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel
• North: Ho Chi Minh's communists ruled
• South: U.S. & France set up a puppet government under the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem

• Diem ruled as a dictator
• Vietcong
• communist guerrillas
• established an opposition government
• took control of the countryside
• South Vietnamese assassinated Diem
• weren't popular leaders
• Vietcong, backed by North Vietnam, attempted to take over entire country

• August 1964
• Told congress that North Vietnamese patrol boats had attacked two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
• Congress allowed president to send troops

• 1965
• 185,000 U.S. soldiers were in combat
• 1968
• More than half a million U.S. soldiers were in combat

• 1960s
• war became unpopular in U.S.
• 1969
• Vietnamization: allowed U.S. troops to gradually pull out while the South Vietnamese increased their combat role

• 1973
• Last troops left
• 1975
• North Vietnam overran South Vietnam

More than 1.5 million Vietnamese & 58,000 Americans lost their lives

• Nixon
• Vietnamization
• Johnson
• Gulf of Tonkin
• Vietcong
• Ngo Dinh Diem
• Geneva Conference
• 17th Parallel
• Domino Theory
• Eisenhower
• Vietminh Independence League
• Ho Chi Minh
• Indochina

• Operation Rolling Thunder
• Tet Offensive
• Kent State University
• Paris Peace Accords

Brinkmanship

Limited # of ICBMs each country country could have

• Born on a collective farm
• Joined the communist party while attending Moscow State University
• Rose from local party official to General Secretary in only 15 years
• Recognized need to reform communism

1986

The Iron Curtain Falls

• Gorbachev
• Perestroika
• Glasnost
• Demokratizatsiya
• The Sinatra Doctrine
• Berlin Wall Falls

• Boris becomes popular
• Showing opposition to the August 1991 coup against Gorbachev
• Drama in the Duma
• Conservative Prime Minister
• Dissolved Duma
• Duma moved for impeachment
• Yeltsin orders troops to storm Parliament
• 1993 Constitution
• modeled after Western European governments
• President = head of state = diplomacy & military
• Prime Minister = head of government = legislative leader
• Few checks on presidents power

Cold War

U.S.

S

N

U.S.S.R

How to protect the U.S.?

Containment

A policy directed at blocking Soviet influence & stopping the expansion ofcommunism

• No natural border
• 17th Century: Poles captured Kremlin
• 18th Century: Swedes attacked
• 19th Century: Napoleon overran Moscow & WWI/WWII

History of Problems

How to protect the USSR?

38th

Parallel

• WWII

• Sparked by Turkey & Greece
• Provided support for any nation rejecting communism
• $400 Million in aid

Berlin Airlift

• Provided food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild Western Europe
• Sparked by communist seizure of Czechoslovakia
• $12.5 billion

USSR responded by holding West Berlin Hostage

Truman Doctrine

Iron Curtain

The Cold War Divides the World

• Cut-off highway, water, & rail traffic
• US & GB flew food and supplies into West Berlin
• 11 months later the USSR admitted defeat

Marshall Plan

France, GB, US withdrew forces allow zones to unite

Korean War

"From the Stettin in the Baltic to the Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent"

Perestroika

Taboo Review

- Churchill

• Streamlined the political & economic system
• The Law on State Enterprise decentralized state & economic planning
• The Law on Cooperatives revived forms of private enterprise
• Permitted foreign trade & investment

After WWII, the world's nations were grouped politically into one of the following...

Aftermath of the War

• Establishment of communist governments
• Elimination of free elections in Eastern European nations

• U.S.S.R. no longer enforced the Brezhnev Doctrine
• Eastern European states were allowed to explore their own reforms

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Glasnost

The Sinatra Doctrine

Review

Standoff At The 38th Parallel

"I did it my way"

4 min

Douglas MacArthur

Led UN forces

• Increased political transparency
• Relaxed censorship laws to encourage media scrutiny of party officials
• Encouraged investigative journalism & independent media

• After the U.S. withdrew their troops, the Soviets gave North Korea military supplies
• North Korea invaded the south
• Containment was challenged & Truman began to help the South

Taboo Review

South Korea asked the UN for help

• Intervention required Security Council approval
• Soviets were absent for vote because they were protesting the admission of Nationalist China, rather than Communist China, into the UN

1960s

Propaganda

Demokratizatsiya

Espionage

Ex: Radio Free Europe broadcast radio programs about the rest of the world into Eastern Europe

Foreign Aid

1950-1952

12 min

• Spying
• CIA & KGB

6 min

Giving financial aid to other nations

• Increased civic participation through multi-candidate elections
• Eventually expanded to multi-party elections

Space Race

1950

Brinkmanship

Surrogate Wars

Going to the edge of war to make the other side back down

The Fighting Continues

First World

The Cold War Thaws

• Fighting indirectly
• Substitute conflicts

Armistice

agreement to stop fighting

• UN troops pushed North Koreans back across the 38th parallel up to the Yalu River
• China felt threatened by the UN forces that were mostly from the U.S.
• China sent 300,000 troops into North Korea then past the 38th parallel to Seoul

• industrialized capitalist nations
• U.S. & allies

Ex: NATO & Warsaw Pact

Decolonizaion

Multinational Alliances

Superpowers Face Off

Second World

13 min

Gorbachev

• communist nations
• Soviet Union

Third World

The Man Behind The Wall

• developing nations
• newly independent
• Latin America, Asia, & Africa

Detente

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Major Strategies of the Cold War

• A policy of lessening of Cold War tensions
• Richard Nixon

Satellite Countries

demidec.com

ICBM

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Sputnik

1st unmanned satellite

Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, & East Germany

U-2s

CIA secret high-altitude spy planes

The Cold War In The Skies

U-2 Incident

U.S.S.R.

Pilot Gary Powers was captured after being shot down during a U-2 mission

U.S.

Putin

• 50X as many deaths
• 1 in 4 wounded or killed
• Cities demolished

The

Fighting Begins

United Nations

Cuban Missile Crisis

Think It Through

• 400,000 deaths
• Cities & factories remained intact
• $$$

5 descriptive words

• 34 European & American signatories
• Set out basic human rights provisions
• Inspired resistance movements

Nikita Khrushchev

Aftermath of WWII

Taboo Review

• Encourage communism & revolution
• Gain access to raw materials
• Create a buffer zone by controlling Eastern Europe
• Keep Germany divided to create security

• What factors do you believe contributed to the crisis?
• What factors contributed to ending the crisis without a war?
• What role did leadership play?
• What other groups or interests did these leaders have to consider?
• Are there situations in the world today where factors that could lead to a nuclear crisis exist?
• How can countries minimize risk of nuclear war?

Ho Chi Minh

• Satellite Countries
• Khruschev
• Imre Hagy
• Hungarian Revolt
• Brezhnev
• Brezhnev Doctrine
• Prague Spring
• Alexander Dubcek
• Detente
• Nixon
• SALT I
• Helsinki Accords

Vietnamese Vs. French

• Nationalists & Communists
• Countryside support
• Hit & run tactics

• Controlled cities
• Dien Bien Phu: Lost battle made French citizens question worth of colonial possession & military presence

• Encourage democracy and prevent communism
• Gain access to raw materials
• Rebuild European governments to promote stability and create new markets for U.S. goods
• Reunite Germany to stabilize to create security

He fled into exile

• Vietnamese nationalist
• Turned to the Communists for help
• Led the Indochinese Communist party to revolt against the French

(cc) image by anemoneprojectors on Flickr

Solutions & Goals

Sentenced him to death...

Yalta Conference

• Supported French
• After Dien Bien Phu, President Eisenhower fears domino theory will occur

U.S.

France arrested Ho Chi Minh...

The Road to War

demidec.com

Helsinki Accords

• International protection organization
• Based in NY
• 48 countries
• General Assembly: voted on issues
• Security Council: 11 member body that investigated and settled disputes
• 5 permanent members: GB, China, France, US, USSR
• Veto power

1941

• Ho Chi Minh returned & found that Japan had seized control of the area
• Along with other nationalists, he founded the Vietminh Independence League

• Started destalinization
• purged the country of Stalin's memory
• didn't occur in satellite nations
• Sputnik I launched

• WWII ends & Japan loses colonies
• Ho Chi Minh thinks Vietnam will gain independence
• Instead, France is awarded the territory

• Big Three
• Divided up Germany into occupation zones
• Germany reparations to the U.S.S.R.
• U.S.S.R. promised free elections and declared war against Japan

1945

1900s

U.S. Troops Enter the Fight

• France controlled Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, & Vietnam)

Vietnam: A Divided Country

Who cares about the Cuban Missile Crisis?

South Vietnam

Be Castro

Vietcong

U.S. soldiers were fighting a guerrilla war in an unfamiliar terrain

Hungarian Revolt

Taboo Review

Berlin Wall

5 min

The U.S. Withdraws

6 min

• 1961
• East Germans built a wall to separate East & West Berlin
• Symbolized a divided world

Czechoslovakian Revolt

Prague Spring

• 1968
• Lead by Czech communist leader Alexander Dubcek
• loosened control on censorship
• offered socialism with a "human face"
• Warsaw Pact
• suppressed movement
• Brezhnev Doctrine enforced

Vietnam

War

4 min

Boris Yeltsin

• October 1956
• Hungarian army + protesters overthrew the soviet-controlled government

• Alliance of communist countries

WARSAW PACT

Be Khrushev

Superpowers Form Alliances

1st President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

NATO

• Leader after Khruschcev
• Cracked down on public dissent
• Economy experienced decline & consumer shortages
• Brezhnev Doctrine declared Soviet intentions to defend the Communist bloc by military force

• Defensive military alliance of democratic/capitalistic countries
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

5 min

Leonid Brezhnev

1991

Be Kennedy

• Hungarian Communist leader
• Formed a new government
• Promised free elections & demanded Soviet troops leave
• Soviet tanks moved in, executed Nagy, & instated a pro-Soviet government

5 min

Imre Nagy