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PTB Pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs
- caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)
Precipitating Factor:
Diabetes Milletus Type 2 –immunocompromised status
Exposure to Mycobacterium bacilli
Predisposing Factor:
Inadequate nutrition
Socioeconomic –inadequate health care
Inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tubercle bacilli invasion in the apices of the lungs or near the pleurae of the lower lobes
Bronchopneumonia develops in the lung tissue and tubercle bacilli are ingested by wandering macrophages
Many of the bacilli survived before hypersensitivity and immunity develops
Surviving bacilli is carried into bronchopulmonary lymph nodes via the lymphatic system and may even spread throughout the body
Inflammatory response occurs,TB specific lymphocyte produces T-Lytic enzyme which lyses bacteria and alveolar tissue
Material (Bacteria and macrophage)
Production of cavities filled with cheese-like mass of tubercle bacilli, dead WBCs, necrotic lung tissue
Drainage of necrotic materials into the tracheobronchial tree
hypoxia- Partial occlusion which interfere with the diffuse of O2 and CO2
Areas of the lungs are inadequately ventilated
Lesions heal over period of time by forming scars and later being calcified
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity
Tubercle bacilli immunity develops
Dyspnea
Inhibits further growth of the bacilli and the development of active infection
Reinfection
Reactivation of the tubercle bacilli
Secondary Infection
Weak immune system
Bacteria becomes resistant and survives
Active infection develops
Ulceration of the lesion in the lungs
Accumulation of pus in the chest cavity (empyema)
Severe occurrence of lesions in the lungs leading to abscess
Lung consumption
- Chest pain
- loss of appetite
- excessive sweating
- weight loss
- muscle wasting
- body malaise
Decreased alveolar tissue leading to low oxygen supply
- Non-productive cough
- crackles
Multi antibacterial therapy
Combipack
fever and chills