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by Kaylin
Worthington
English: father
Sanskrit: pitr
Latin: pater
Greek: pater
English: foot
Sanskrit: pád
Latin: pedis
Greek: podos
*tr...s
We know 2 vowels can become one, but one vowel doesn't usually become 2
*trVyVs
Greek-esti
Latin-est
Sanskrit-asti
a--> e, a, o
If sound laws are regular, *tréyes=PIE
-No orthographic evidence
-The Comparative Method
-Greek: treîs
-Latin: trës
-Sanskrit: tráyas
Introduction: Overview
Diachronic Linguistics: The Study of Language Over Time
=Historical Linguistics
1. Reconstruction and PIE
2. Manners in Which Language Changes
3. How English has changed
Argument:
There is no such thing as "pure language"
1. It satisfies our curiosity
2. It allows for higher-level connections
3. It allows us to find order in disorder
4. It increases our vocabulary in multiple languages
a. cravat, coquetry, labial
5. It is a means of understanding pre-history
1. Personal Interest
2. Perfect reason to put the time into researching something I enjoy
Loanwords
Purity: Icelandic--tala (number) +völva (prophetess)= tölva
English is rich because of its vocabulary:
Latin: pipe, angel
Old Norse (vikings): take
Anglo-Norman French: journey
Afrikaans: aardvark
Czech: robot
Japanese: kamikaze
Manners in Which Language Changes
Conclusion
1. Portmanteau words i.e. brunch
2. Allophones --> Phonemes
--top, spot, stop
3. Grimm's Law (stops-->fricatives (p->f), voiced stops-->devoiced [sebum->soap], aspirated-->plain stops)
4. Assimilation [ten bucks vs. tembucks], dissimilation (Februrary)
5. Metathesis: letters get switched for convenience--JRR Tolkien "waps"
6. Loanwords
1. We looked at how reconstruction, processes of change, and invasion
2. Language is a living organism without a brain--it is constantly changing over time, so no one manner of speaking is "correct."
Material Culture
Wyclif-Purvey, c. 1420: "Nyle ze drede! For lo, y prech to zou a greet joye, pat schal be to al puple"
The Gospel of Luke
KJV 1611: "Feare not! For behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people"
reconstructed word for cattle: *pe´ku -"livestock"
Latin-"pécu"=cattle
German-vieh=cattle
English-fee=$$
--Bartering--
Anglo-Saxon, 1000 AD: "Nelle ze eow adraedan! Soplice, nu ic eow bodie mycelne zefean, se bi∂ eallum folce"
wheel+horse=chariot
Norman conquest 1066 AD
-->fewer cases, French vocabulary
1340 AD, during the Hundred Years War, Edward III claimed the thrones of France and England
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