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Transcript

DISCOURSE, IDEOLOGY & HEGEMONY

DISCOURSE

Pleasure

RSAs

Dominant Ideology

“Are paradigms or ways of understanding that are communicated through texts and language use, and that organize knowledge and social power.”

“A world view that supports the ruling class as dominant, the status quo, yet is shared by the majority of people.”

Are repressive state apparatuses. They force people to conform to the dominant ideology. These are used to:

  • Control
  • Punish
  • Coerce

People into not challenging the system.

Michel Foucault

Discourse Analysis

Marx says that “...the class which has the means of mental production as its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that in consequence the ideas of those who lack means of mental production are, in general, subject to it.”

“Althusser’s way of understanding how social power is maintained in society by the dominant social groups”

“Explores the ways in which power and knowledge are communicated through texts, language use and systems of thought.”

“Societies tend to bring together a range of voices, ideas and beliefs into overall discourse that offer a way of understanding the world.”

Video Clip

Criminality

IRAs

Foucault sees how discourses around criminality such as:

  • Medical
  • Legal
  • Moral/Religious

Are the institutions which people use to socialize into accepting the dominant ideology. It is similar to a hypnosis through convincing people or winning their consent.

Althusser found key institutions which carry out this socialization process:

  • Religion
  • Family
  • Education System

Disciplinary Power

Regulation

Surveillance

Government of society and the

individual

Ideology

Hegemony

Ideological work

“Process of validating the dominant society”

“Are sets of social values, ideas, beliefs, feelings, and representations by which people collectively make sense of the world they live in, thus constituting a world view.”

“Power and leadership maintained through processes of struggle and negotiation, especially through winning the consent of the majority of people to accept the ideas or ideologies of the dominant group as ‘common sense’.”

“I do, like many of you appreciate the comforts of every day routine- the security of the familiar, the tranquillity of repetition.” - Demonstrates the patterns of daily routine of the unconsciousness.

“And where once you had the freedom to object, to think and speak as you saw fit, you now have censors and systems of surveillance coercing your conformity and soliciting your submission” - The disciplinary power which organise and transmit social control.

“There were a myriad of problems which conspired to corrupt your reason and rob you of your common sense” - Changes in the ideologies in that society which alter what people view as common sense.

Discussion

Althusser's "unconscious consciousness"

Raymond Williams a cultural theorist described three types of discourse:

1.Residual discourses: “Sets of ideas and beliefs from the past that are still accepted by some people.”

2.Dominant discourses: “Contemporary ideas and beliefs shared by a majority of people.”

Emergent discourses: “New ideas and beliefs held by a few people at first, and then gradually becoming accepted by more people.”

Media does ideological work by hiding and avoiding social problems for example:

  • Issues are avoided or made invisible
  • Social difference is hidden by interpellations which address all social groups under a unifying label
  • Social problems and contradictions are often hidden by “being understood in personal and psychological terms or within a moral framework of good and evil, rather than social terms.”

Gramsci

Counter-hegemony

Imagine if you were walking towards a door along with a person of the opposite sex.

What do you think would happen?

Who will go first?

Why do we do this?

Individual’s ideologies derive from their beliefs, feelings and behaviours which states that it is created through our unconsciousness.

“A world view or activity that is in opposition to and challenges the dominant world view.”

Power and control of the dominant groups is exercised through struggle and negotiation

Image by Tom Mooring

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