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Dan Scheibe
Matlin, M. (2008). Cognition. (8th ed.). Danvers, MA: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pi, Y., Liao, W., & Liu, M. (2008). Theory of cognitive
pattern recognition. Manuscript submitted for publication, School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Rogers, M (2014). Bottom-up and top-down processes.
In Cognitive Psychology. Lecture conducted at
Whitworth University, Spokane, WA.
CONTEXT!
Both processes work together in object recognition
No two people will see an object from the same perspective
Problems:
Reminder that a holistic view of perception is more sophisticated and accurate
Important Elements
Geons
Relationship
The relationship of Geons affects the image we see and perceive
Example: On Whiteboard
Geon: "Simple 3-D shapes that people use
in order to recognize visual objects"
(Matlin, 2013)
Concerns
Viewer-Centered Approach
"A theory proposing that people can recognize three-dimensional shapes, in terms of an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes called geons (which can be combined to form meaningful objects"
(Matlin, 2013)
Hayworth & Biderman, 2006
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
What of complex visual stimuli?
Essentially, we observe the individual components in their relationship to other components to form one image
Example
Overview:
Definition
"The proposal that we recognize visual objects, based on a small number of characteristics or components known as distinctive features"
(Matlin, 2013)
Distinctive Feature
Gibson (1969)
2D vs. 3D
Hubel and Wiesel (1982)
Larsen and Bundesen (1996)
Perspective
An important visual component of a visual stimulus
(Gibson, 1969)
Comparison of Distinctive Features:
A, E, F, H, L, Z, G
E, F, H, I, L, Y, B, D, P, R
A, E, H, I, V, W, X, Y, Z, B, C, D, O
B, D, O, P, R, Q
Small number of features
Feature-Analysis Theory
Presence or Absence of Features Yield Conclusions
vs
Identity remains unchanged
vs
(Rogers, 2014)
vs
Great for 2-Dimensional Patterns and Figures
Bottom-Up Theories
Bottom-Up Processing
Sensory Receptors
Stimulus Characteristics
Brain Processes
Template Definition:
"The specific perceptual patterns stored in memory"
Templates
Too many templates?
(Matlin, 2013)
Example
Overview of Top-Down Theories
This is an "F"
Brain Processing
Sensory Receptors
Neural Impulses
What does this symbol most closely resemble?
Stimulus Energy
"R" or "A"?
"Perception requires a more flexible system than matching a pattern against a specific template."
(Matlin, 2013)
Application