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Theories of Object Recognition

Dan Scheibe

Works Cited

Matlin, M. (2008). Cognition. (8th ed.). Danvers, MA: John

Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pi, Y., Liao, W., & Liu, M. (2008). Theory of cognitive

pattern recognition. Manuscript submitted for publication, School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Rogers, M (2014). Bottom-up and top-down processes.

In Cognitive Psychology. Lecture conducted at

Whitworth University, Spokane, WA.

Discussion & Comparison

Overview of Top-Down Theories

Application

Bottom-Up Processing

Top-Down Processing

CONTEXT!

Both processes work together in object recognition

No two people will see an object from the same perspective

Problems:

Reminder that a holistic view of perception is more sophisticated and accurate

  • Change Blindness
  • Inattentional Blindness

Recognition-by-Components Theory

Recognition-by-Components Theory

Important Elements

Geons

Relationship

The relationship of Geons affects the image we see and perceive

Example: On Whiteboard

Recognition-by-Components Theory

Geon: "Simple 3-D shapes that people use

in order to recognize visual objects"

(Matlin, 2013)

Recognition-by-Components Theory

Concerns

Research

  • Overview
  • Geons/Relationship
  • Research
  • Concerns/Modifications

Recognition-by-Components Theory

Viewer-Centered Approach

"A theory proposing that people can recognize three-dimensional shapes, in terms of an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes called geons (which can be combined to form meaningful objects"

(Matlin, 2013)

Hayworth & Biderman, 2006

R

E

S

E

A

R

C

H

What of complex visual stimuli?

Essentially, we observe the individual components in their relationship to other components to form one image

Example

Feature-Analysis Theory

Feature-Analysis Theory

  • Overview/Definitions
  • Critical/Distinctive Features
  • Research
  • Concerns

Overview:

Definition

"The proposal that we recognize visual objects, based on a small number of characteristics or components known as distinctive features"

Research and Potential Concerns

(Matlin, 2013)

Research

Concerns with Feature-Analysis Theory

Distinctive Feature

Gibson (1969)

2D vs. 3D

Hubel and Wiesel (1982)

Larsen and Bundesen (1996)

Perspective

An important visual component of a visual stimulus

(Gibson, 1969)

Comparison of Distinctive Features:

A, E, F, H, L, Z, G

E, F, H, I, L, Y, B, D, P, R

A, E, H, I, V, W, X, Y, Z, B, C, D, O

B, D, O, P, R, Q

Small number of features

Feature-Analysis Theory

F

  • Straight horizontal?
  • Straight vertical?
  • Closed Curve?
  • Symmetry?

Presence or Absence of Features Yield Conclusions

vs

E

Identity remains unchanged

vs

(Rogers, 2014)

vs

Great for 2-Dimensional Patterns and Figures

Outline:

Bottom-Up Theories

Bottom-Up Processing

Sensory Receptors

Stimulus Characteristics

Brain Processes

Theory#1: Template Theory

Concerns with Template Theory

Template Definition:

  • Template Theory
  • Feature-Analysis Theory
  • Recognition-by-Components Theory

"The specific perceptual patterns stored in memory"

Templates

Too many templates?

(Matlin, 2013)

Example: Perception of the letter "F"

Example

Overview of Top-Down Theories

Sensory Stimuli

Comparison with "Template"

Come to a Conclusion

This is an "F"

Brain Processing

Sensory Receptors

Neural Impulses

What does this symbol most closely resemble?

Stimulus Energy

"R" or "A"?

"Perception requires a more flexible system than matching a pattern against a specific template."

(Matlin, 2013)

Application

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