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Landforms and association tectonic phenomena found at plate boundaries

Fold Mountains

Location of fold mountains

- formed along the convergent plate boundaries where plates move towards each other and collide.

- Folding -> The resultant compressional force which creates immense pressure, causing the layers of rocks to buckle and fold

  • convergent plate boundaries

Upfold = anticline Downfold = syncline

- An increase in compressional force on one limb of a fold , may cause rocks to buckle until a fracture. The limb will move forward to ride over the other limb

EXAMPLES OF FOLD MOUNTAINS : HIMALAYAS , THE ANDES

  • Himalayas span across southern asia
  • rocky mountains located in north america
  • Himalayas and the rocky mountain is considered young as they are less than 100 million years old
  • young fold mountains are located along the active plat boundaries

Why are some landforms found at different plate boundaries and how are they formed ?

- The movements of plates at different plate boundaries result in the formation of various landforms .

- Fold mountains are formed at the convergent plate boundaries.

-Rift valleys and block mountains are formed at divergent plate boundaries.

Folding

-Volcanoes are formed at convergent and divergent plate boundaries.

- is common in sedimentary rocks as they are more flexible than igneous rocks or metamorphic rocks

Location of Rift Valleys and Block Mountains.

Rift Valley

Type of rock

Formations

Deep valleys within East African Rift Valley have been filled with water, resulting in lakes.

East African Rift Valley (Somalian boundary and Nubian Boundary of African Plate)

Hutt Valley of New Zealand. (Australian and Pacific Plate)

Sedimentary

rocks

multiple layers of sediments

Igneous

rocks

when molten rocks cool and solidify

Block Mountain

Block mountain

Metamorphic

rocks

when rocks are changed by high temp or pressure within crust

Rift Valley and block mountains.

Vosgus in France

Black forest in Germany (Separated by Rhine Valley)

  • A block of land with steep sides.
  • Formed when sections of the crust extend along fault lines and rock masses surrounding a central block sink due to tensional force.
  • Block of land left standing higher than surrounding land is a block mountain!
  • Formed at a divergent plate boundaries where plates are pulled apart, giving rise to faults.
  • A fault is a fracture in rocks along which the rocks are displaced.
  • Tensional forces for these movements results in parts of the crust being fractured.
  • This process is called faulting. Along with these faults, sections of crust can extend.

Volcanic Eruptions

Occurs on land or on the sea floor

Types of volcanic eruptions-

  • Active: currently erupting / expected to erupt
  • Dormant: currently erupting / may erupt in the future
  • Extinct: currently not erupting / will not erupt in the future

Fertile volcanic soil

  • When lava and ash break down, they form volcanic soils
  • they are the riches soil on earth and are very favorable to agriculture
  • minerals are only available after the rocks have been weathered down and broken down for thousand of years

DEstructions

  • Volcanic materials (includes lava and rock fragments or volcanic bombs) with high temperatures (between 500* and 1,400*) are capable of burning property and anything in its way
  • Low-silica lava moves rapidly (80km/h) and flows really long distances.
  • Volcanic bombs (of heated rocks) fall in areas near the volcano (and therefore damage to property
  • Inhaling the the hot ash and gas can cause serious injury or death

Precious stones and minerals , building materials

* degree Celsius

  • however, these resources can be extracted after millions of years
  • one example is diamond.
  • Diamonds are heated and pressurized carbon that are cooled in magma pipes beneath the earth's surface.
  • volcanic rocks are good sources for building materials and productions of daily items (e.g. matches, fertilizers)
  • Fertile volcanic soil
  • Precious stones and minerals, building materials
  • tourism
  • geothermal energy

Landslides

  • occurs due to the structural collapse of a volcanic cone during volcanic eruption
  • ranges from a few rock fragments to landslides of several hundreds of cubic kilometers.
  • are able to obstruct the flow of rivers causing floods, blocked roads, and buried vilages and farmlands.
  • Destruction (by volcanic materials)
  • Landslides
  • Pollution
  • effects on weather

Tourism

  • People visit volcanoes to hike and camp in the area or to enjoy the scenery
  • they make great historic places

Pollution

  • Air particles are ejected during a volcanic eruption
  • That thick plumes of ash will eventually settle on the ground and block sunlight, suffocate crops, cause respiratory problems for animals and humans and forced closure of air space due to low visibility
  • volcanic eruptions releases harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide

geothermal energy

  • Geothermal energy is derived from the heat in the earth's crust
  • when water comes into contact with the hot rocks, it heats up and erupts as hot water or steam which are used to turn turbines which produces electricity

Effects on weather

  • Sulphur dioxide released from the volcanic eruptions may react with water vapour and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form sulphur-based particles.
  • These particles reflects the sun energy into space and temporarily cools the earth from few months to years

There are risks and benefits living near a volcano

Rift Valley

Thank you!

  • is a valley with steep slides that is formed when sections of the crust extend along fault lines.
  • Central block of land subsides between two parallel faults due to tensional force,
  • Sections left standing beside rift valleys are block mountains.
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