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4. An evil act can never become good by circumstances.
5. A circumstance which is gravely evil destroys the entire goodness of an objectively good act.
6. A circumstance which is evil, but not gravely so does not entirely destroy the goodness of an objectively good act.
e. How - Was the agent was in good faith or bad? (Circumstance of manner)
f. When - How long did the agent or doer retain an evil thought or intention, for a long period or momentarily? (Circumstance of time)
g. Why - refers to the motive that propels or drives the agent to perform the act. (Circumstance of end of the agent)
a. Who - refers to the person to whom the act is ascribed and to the person to whom the act has been committed. (circumstance of the person)
b. What - points to the extent or range of the act. (Circumstance of quantity or quality of the object)
c. Where - area or location where the act was executed. (Circumstance of the place)
d. By what means - the ability of the doer that has been exerted (Circumstance of the means employed by the agent)
1. An objectively good act performed for a good purpose takes on a new goodness from the good end; and if it has several good ends, it takes on a new goodness from each.
2. An objective evil act performed for an evil purpose takes on a new malice or evil from the evil end; and if it has several evil ends, it takes on a new malice from each.
3. An act which is objectively good, but done for an evil end is morally evil. But, the act is only partially evil if the evil end is neither gravely ill nor the whole motive of the act.
4. An objectively evil act can never become good by reason of a good end.
5. An act which is indifferent objectively becomes good if done for a good end, and evil if done for an evil end.
A. The Object (the act itself)
- refers to the human act performed or the deed done chosen by the will.
Ex. Theft, Murder, Honesty and Charity
B. The End of the Agent
- is what the agent or the doer intends or wishes to achieve by his act.
- the intention, motive or purpose of the doer of doing an act
C. The Circumstances of Morality
- are conditions that affect an act by increasing or decreasing the responsibility of the agent.
- It could also be use to justify an act as well as it could exempt an individual from responsibility, liability or punishment of a criminal offense.
1. An indifferent act becomes good or evil by reason of the circumstances.
2. A good act becomes evil by reason of circumstances.
3. An intrinsically good or evil act may become better or worse by reason of circumstances, and may even take on specifically new goodness or malice from its circumstances.
"perfer et obdura; dolor hic tibi proderit olim"
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Morality is defined as the goodness and badness of an act: or, it is that quality of human act which leads us to call some of them good and some evil.
"Be patient and tough; some day this pain will be useful to you."
1. Eternal Law
- the ultimate or final norm of morality.
2. Human Reason (Conscience)
- the proximate or immediate norm of morality.