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PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCERS & PUNISHERS
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PRIMARY &
SECONDARY
REINFORCERS & PUNISHERS
Primary
Reinforcers
A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need.
Examples
AIR
FOOD
PRIMARY PUNISHER
WATER
A stimulus that is inherently punishing.
SECONDARY REINFORCER
EXAMPLES
ELECTRIC SHOCK
PAIN
A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.
EXAMPLES
AWARDS
APPLAUSE
GOOD GRADES
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE REINFORCERS & PUNISHERS
SECONDARY PUNISHER
A stimulus that that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers.
EXAMPLES
FINES
CRITICISM
SCOLDING
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity, of a reinforcing stimulus.
- As a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
- People confuse negative reinforcement with positive punishment because they both involve a negative stimulus.
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus.
- As a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.
- Punishment decreases the likelihood of a response.
- Reinforcement whether negative or positive increases the likelihood of a response.