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Chapter 11 Section 2 and 3

Northern Cities

Problems in Cities

The Growth of Northern Industry

Agriculture

Transportation Revolution

New Wave of Immigrants

African Americans in the North

2 events changed life in the south

Slave Labor

Defending Slavery

African Americans in the South

Restrictions

The Plantation South

Section 3

253,000 (6%) African Americans were free

Excluded from menial jobs, children denied right to attend public school.

Could not vote, serve on juries, or testify and discouraged from travel.

Free slaves were often caught and sold into slavery.

Contributions by Norbert Rillieux for refining sugar, and Henry Blair for his seed planting device that made great contributions to the South.

Kentucky court rules a slave is not treated as a person but a .....thing.

1790- 698,000 slaves were in the United States.

Looked as valued property so they need to be kept healthy and productive.

1860 there are now 4 million slaves in the united State.

Families were constantly broken up due to selling the father or mother.

Cotton will enrich planters in the South, and bankers and shipowners in the North.

1808 it is now illegal to import slaves into the United States.

1790 one and a half million pounds, 1820 11 million pounds are being produced.

Nat Turner will rebel in 1831 and killed 60 whites, from a vision that told him to do it.

Not all southern states were the same and depended on slavery.

More than half of southern farmers did not own slaves, they grew corn and raised hogs and chickens.

1. Boom in textiles caused by industrial revolution, creates huge demand for cotton.

Many slave owners feared violent uprising.

2. A new invention allows South to satisfy this demand.

Isaac Singer improved his design, the sewing machine will change clothing production.

1846 Elias How patents a machine that could sew seams in fabric.

The Cotton Gin

Manufacturing

The thresher and the mechanical reaper would be combined to what is now called the combine.

North wanted to ban slavery, but this just hardened southern support for slavery.

Separates grains of wheat from the stalk.

The thresher was also enhanced

This will make farmers settle prairies in the Midwest quickly. This machine allow farmers to cut wheat stalk much faster than a human worker could.

1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin, before workers could seed a pound of cotton a day.

Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical reaper

This will increase the output of cotton to 50 pounds a day.

Uses long and short bursts of electricit, each letter of the alphabet

has its own mix of short signals and long signals.

The telegraph and morse code, created by Samuel F.B. Morse.

Southerners said that slavery was more humane than free labor, slaves would not be unemployed.

Railroads

Did the most to tie together raw materials, manufacturers, and markets.

1830 Peter Cooper builds first American steam locomotive

1807 Robert Fulton, would use a steam engine to power a boat, named the Clermont.

1800's slavery practically eliminated in the north but African Americans were still discriminated against.

Yankee clipper ships were slim fast vessels that were used for ocean sailing.

Baltimore and Ohio were the firts Railroads built in 1828

Free but denied right to vote, not allowed to work in factories or skilled trades.

1840 3,000 miles of railway track has been built

Ireland

Many employers would rather hire white immigrants.

Ireland was ruled by the British, and the potato was the staple food for the population.

In 1845 a fungus would destroy the potato crop, leading to famine. Years that follow will be called the great hunger.

New York's population in 1790 was 33,000

This will lead to segregation in schools and public facilities, African Americans will form their own churches, 1816 in Philadelphia free slaves start the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

1 Million starved to death, 1 Million would leave Ireland for America.

Most immigrants were laying railroad track, and took low quilifying jobs.

Many white newspapers made African Americans look inferior. First African American owned publication was the Freedom Journal which was established in 1827.

German

Industrial Revolution spurs urbanization, growth cities due to movement of people from rural regions to cities.

Failed revolutions against harsh rulers will bring Germans to America.

John B. Russwurm one of the first African Americans to graduate from and American college.

They will move to the Ohio valley and the Great Lake region.

Reaction to Immigrants

Cities on east coast are becoming crowded so new immigrants moved west.

Some Americans were worried about the growing foreign population, these people were called nativists.

New York secret group called Know Nothings form a political group.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's population grew to 23,000 people in 1840, ten years later it would double.

In 1856, they would run a candidate for President and he would win 21% of the vote. They would then split and dissolve over slavery.

Louisville, German and Irish immigrants will populate this city to 43,000 by 1850. It is now larger than Washington D.C.

Filthy streets, no real sewage system, and no clean water.

"One finds in the streets of New York dead cats and dogs, which make the air very bad; and ashes are thrown out into the streets, which are swept perhaps once every two weks."

Most buildings were made of wook so fires were common.