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CONFLICTS BETWEEN CCP AND KMT

IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR

The civil war was fought in two separate phases, 1927-37 and 1946-49 respectively, as a result of the interruption of the Sino-Japanese war. The Chinese Civil war lies in its social, political and economic instability within the Chinese society. Although there are many causes to the outbreak of the war, the Opium War, the overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty coupled with the death of Sun Yat-Sei and later Yuan Shikai.

The First Chinese Civil War: 1927 – 1937 started with the 'white terror' the decade when Chiang Kai Shek and the KMT tried unsuccessfully to root out the

Communists.

  • Shanghai Massacre
  • Poverty
  • Difference in ideogies between CCP and KMT

Extermination Campaign

2nd & 3rd Extermination Campaign (1931):

Attack again. Forced to cancel because of Japanese

invasion of Manchuria

4th Extermination Campaign (1933)

Japan. Again.

5th Extermination Campaign

Seige

KMT control was re-established

Neglected and failed to deal with China's social and economic reforms

Japan's aggression in China was encouraged by the KMT's concentration on the destruction of the CCP

Social support was declining.

Long March (1934-35).

THE LONG MARCH

The Long March (October 1934-October 1935) was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army.

Encirclement Campaigns refers to campaigns launched by forces of the Chinese Nationalist Government against forces of the Communist Party of China during the Chinese Civil War. The campaigns were launched between the late 1920s to the mid-1930s with the goal of isolating and destroying the developing Chinese Red Army.

The Zunyi Conference was a meeting of the Communist Party of China in January 1935 during the Long March. This meeting involved a power struggle between the leadership of Bo Gu and Otto Braun and the opposition led by Mao Zedong. The result was that Mao left the meeting in position to take over military command and become the leader of the Communist Party.

SECOND UNITED FRONT

The Second United Front was the brief alliance between the Chinese Nationalists Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) and Communist Party of China (CPC) to resist the

Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1946.

Mao proposed that the two parties suspend hostilities to fight the Japanese

“Japanese were a disease of the skin; communism is a disease of the heart”- Chiang Kai-shek

Kidnapping of Chiang

Kai-shek by two of

his generals.

“Instead of rushing to seize Chiang’s power [after his kidnapping] soldiers and officials from all parts of the country began a bombardment of telegrams demanding the release, rescue or ransoming of Chiang Kai-shek at any cost. It was the ultimate testimony that after centuries the Chinese people had at last found a leader. It is too early to give credence to rumors that Banker Soong was obliged to unsnarl the kidnapping with millions of dollars in bribes. The more popular, official version is that [Chiang's kidnappers] and the Communists were “greatly touched” by the contents of the Generalissimo’s diary – which convinced them that he was not pro-Japanese at heart.

TIME magazine, January 1938

BUT

What happens in Wuhan stays in Wuhan

CAMPAIGN BY CCP

MAIN CONFLICTS BETWEEN CCP & KMT

CAMPAIGNS

CHINAG KAI-SHEK'S ENCIRCLEMENT CAMPAIGNS

Ideology of the KMT: Three Principles of The People

Mínzú (Nationalism)

  • *Common heritage and national integrity moving beyond ethnic notions. "China-nationalism"
  • *Freedom from imperialist rule

Mínquán (Democracy)

  • *Western Constitutional government.
  • *election, recall, initiative, and referendum : "Civil Rights"
  • * Five-branches of government
  • *They believed in initial military establishment followed by political education. Subscribed to a Multi-party system.

A MAP SHOWING THE FIRST ENCIRCLEMENT CAMPAIGN.

IT WAS AGAINST THE JIANGXI SOVIET

Mínshēng (Livelihood)

  • *Mixed economy, with selective nationalization. Free enterprise encouraged but not pro-actively capitalist
  • *food, clothing, housing, and transportation were key aspects

Breakup of the First United Front:

CCP's ideologies under Mao Zedong:

LOCATION OF JIANGXI

CAMPAIGN BY KMT

  • * Emphasis on Revolution of the Peasant Classes: delvelopment of rural support base.
  • *Removal of rural poverty.
  • *Eradication of social elements perceived as against Communism. Thus Cultural Revolution as well.
  • *Rejection of all foreign and capitalistic influence.

*Both parties had ulterior motives in forming the alliance, aside from defeating the warlords.

*CCP wanted to broaden its membership by seeping through the KMT and take over after the fighting was done; whereas Sun simply needed Soviet aid to defeat the the warlords.

*After Sun's death, KMT leadership split into right and leftist wings. Left KMT at Wuhan kept alliance while the rightists at Nanking under Chiang became hostile.

*This led to the 1927 Shanghai massacres of the Communists overseen Chiang, after which, the CCP and KMt became openly against each other and Civil War started.

Northern

Expedition (1926-28)

“Northern March”

Objective

Unify China under KMT

End the Warlord Rule

Military Leader – Chiang Kai Shek

Success – CCP and KMT worked together

Targets – 1. Wu Peifu (Central Plain)

2. Sun Chuanfang (East Coast)

3. Zhang Zuolin (Governed Manchuria)

Post-Expedition (1927)

1st Extermination Campaign (1930-31):

Chiang ordered attack on Communist Red Army

CCP began to contend for Leadership of China

National Revolution into Bolshevik Revolution

Personal enmity, not Ideological differences

led to the split Alliance came to an end

Why CCP prevailed over KMT?

RESULT

Overview of the route of the Long March

KMT – Achievements and Failures

THE RISE OF CHIANG KAI-SHEK'S DICTATORSHIP

A. The power of Chiang Kai-shek

B. Measures taken by Chiang Kai-shek to strengthen his party dictatorship

PROBLEMS OF DISUNITY

Disunity over China at large: incomplete political unification

Disunity within the KMT government: factional struggles

Defection of the KMT army

A Communist soldier waving the Nationalists' flag of the Republic of China after a victorious battle against the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR

The Second United Front proved to be an alliance in name only.

INTERNAL REFORMS UNDERTAKEN BY THE KMT GOVERNMENT, 1928 1937

Economic reform

Improvements in communication

Social reform

Co-operation between the CCP and KMT during the Sino-Japanese War was minimal

KMT forces engaged more in open conflict with Japanese forces, while the CCP avoided this, opting instead for guerrilla techniques

FAILURE

SIGNIFICANCE AND CONCLUSION

The KMT's failure

Inefficiency and Corruption

No improvement in Peasant poverty

Little improvement in factory conditions

No effective resistance to Japanese

CCP OBJECTIVE

The Second United Front was formed

  • Gain border support
  • Increase their numbers
  • Spread communism
  • Unsustainable from the beginning
  • Death of Sun Yat Sen
  • Chiang Kai shek wanted to control CPC
  • The Shanghai Massacre

THE ZUNYI CONFERENCE

XI-AN INCIDENT

January 1941-End of Second United Front

ONE QUESTION BEFORE WE END.

KMT OBJECTIVE

Newspaper article describing

Xi-an incident

FIRST UNITED FRONT

  • To appease the Soviet Union
  • To control the communists

PRESENT DAY SITE OF THE ZUNYI MEET

WHICH PARTY WOULD YOU SUPPORT AND WHY?

IMPORTANCE OF THE LONG MARCH

AIM

To end the rule of warlords in China

Letter featuring Mao's signature but not Chiang Kai shek's.

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