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Speech Techniques

Rhetorical Devices

Speeches appeal to emotions,

logic, or both

Rhetorical Techniques Appeal

PATHOS

LOGOS

ETHOS

Read, Write and Think Video

40 Inspirational Movie Speeches

Parallelism

Same grammatical structure

when making a list or items

in a series

"We hold these truths to be self evident,

that all men are created equal, that they

are endowed by their Creator with certain

unalienable Rights, that among these are

Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"

-Thomas Jefferson

The Declaration of Independence

Repetition

Repeating a key idea

or words over and over

"Government of the people,

by the people, for the people,

shall not perish from the earth"

-Abraham Lincoln

The Gettysburg Address

Alliteration

repetition of the same sound beginning

several words in a sequence

"Speak softly, but

carry a big stick"

-Teddy Roosevelt

Loaded Words

Strong words that

are associated with

strong emotions

"A date that will

live in infamy"

-Franklin D. Roosevelt

After Pearl Harbor Attack

Loaded Words

"We will rally the world

to this cause by our efforts,

by our courage. We will

not tire, we will not falter,

and we will not fail."

-George W. Bush

September 11 Speech

Antithesis

contrast of ideas or

words in a parallel

structure

"Ask not what your

country can do for you,

ask what you can do for

your country"

-John F. Kennedy

Inagural Speech

Rhetorical Questions

A question without an answer

or an answer is not needed

"How and why did America get involved

in Vietnam in the first place? . . .

What choices do we have if

we are to end the war? What are

the prospects of peace?"

-Richard Nixon

The Great Silent Majority Speech

Apostrophe

the direct address of an individual

(often one who is not present)

"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"

-Ronald Reagan

"Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate"

Hyperbole

an exaggeration

"Read my lips, no new taxes."

Allusion

reference to something famous

"Not change for change's sake, but change

to preserve America's ideals—life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness."

-Bill Clinton

First Inaugural Address

Synecdoche &

Metonymy

a type of metaphor: a part stands

for a whole

"For us, they fought and died, in places

like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and

Khe Sahn" (place names instead of war names)

-Barack Obama

Inaugural Address

a type of metaphor: a word or phrase

that is used to stand in for a larger idea

"we remember. . . those brave

Americans. . ." (Americans in service)

-Barack Obama

Inaugural Address

Analogy

using a comparison

to make a point

Independence Day

https://www.americanrhetoric.com/MovieSpeeches/moviespeechindependenceday.html

Speech Structure Organization:

Sequential Order: A logical order, or chronology that has a

beginning and end. Words to guide the listener are first,

second, then, forward, back, next, and finally.

Problem-Solution: presents a dilemma or problem, and then provides a solution. Key words are as a result, cause, since, problem, and solution.

Comparison and Contrast: compares two or more people, places, or things. Signal words include but, yet, similar to, same as, and different from.

Cause and effect: identifies causes and their outcomes. Words that are used to signal the listener include since, so, because, and in order to.

Allegory: A story within a story, extended throughout

Paradox: Contradicting statement that may hold some truth

Satire: Using humor to show something is foolish

Allusion: Reference to something famous

Parable: allegorical story; representing truth or a religious lesson

Pun: two or more meanings

emotional appeal

logical appeal

credibility/ ethical appeal

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