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Addiction

Factors influencing crime leading to Juvenile Detention

An individual who abuses drugs or alcohol, may make poor decisions while under the influence. It is in this time where they could do something that breaks the law, making them more likely to have to enter a detention centre. Someone who has a gambling addiction may get involved in criminal activities, such as robbery, to fund their addiction.

Mental Health

Abuse

Socioeconomic Status

A person who has been around a form of abuse may believe that it is 'okay' to do. Therefore, they may then abuse someone because they have seen it done before, which could lead to incarceration.

Having a mental illness can impact on a person’s decision making, however there is no strong link between a person being incarcerated because of a mental illness, as it is more likely that a mental illness will occur while in a juvenile detention centre.

Juvenile Detention Centers in Australia

Poverty

An individual who has a low socioeconomic status is more likely to be involved in crime. A person who is at a disadvantage has a higher chance of being involved in crimes such as crime against property or crime against person.

Rebellion

Those who are living in poverty may commit crime such as robbery to provide for themselves or their family due to the fact that they may not be able to afford it otherwise. Also, by going to Juvenile Detention centres, due to the lack of opportunities, individuals may end up in poverty.

An individual may commit a crime as a form of rebellion. For example, a person from an upper-class may steal something that they can afford, to prove a point or make a statement to society.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation can be used in detention centres through therapy and education to change both the attitudes and actions of offenders towards the law, in attempt for offenders to re-enter society once they have completed their sentence. The rehabilitation programs do not work independently; they are implemented as a result of behaviours that break the social norms of society.

Detention Centres in Australia

Detainee Data

Deterrence

Figure 3 shows that the number of juveniles incarcerated is more prevalent in the Northern Territory, compared to other states in Australia such as South Australia.

Bibliography

Deterrence is used in detention centres as a way of preventing re offenders by punishing them for what they have done, and can be used alongside rehabilitation to change their attitudes to increase effectiveness. Also, the sentences given to offenders can set an example to the rest of society on the consequences of breaking the law.

Figure 1 shows that overall there is a downwards trend in the number of persons (both female and male) that have been sent to a juvenile detention centre from 1981-2008, with a much lower rate for females. However, there has been an increase for both genders from 2004-2008.

Frank Baxter Juvenile Justice Centre-Somersby NSW

Reiby Juvenile Justice Centre- Airds NSW

Juniperina Juvenile Justice Centre- Lidcombe New South Wales

Brisbane Youth Detention Centre- Brisbane

Melbourne Youth Justice Centre - Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Banksia Hill Juvenile Detention Centre - Canning Vale, Western Australia

Don Dale Juvenile Detention Centre- Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia

Ashley Youth Detention Centre- Tasmania

The purpose of punishment in Juvenile Detention Centres across Australia

Figure 4 that there is a higher rate of male juveniles in detention centres compared to females.

Figure 9 there is a higher rate of juveniles in detention centres within the Indigenous population compared to the non-indigenous population.

http://www.jss.org.au/programs/all-programs/youth-justice-community-support-services

http://www.correctiveservices.wa.gov.au/youth-justice/

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-30/hakea-prison-damage/4925090

http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/401-420/tandi416.html

Figure 5 shows that there is a higher rate of incarceration for person's 15 to 17 years from 1994 to 2008, compared to those aged 10 to 14.

Retribution

Figure 2 shows the overall rates of juvenile detentions from 11981-2008.

Detention centres punish offenders in a way that ensures they are being correctly punished in accordance to the crime that they have committed. Those who are in detention centres are completing a sentence for whatever crime they have committed.

Case Study

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-30/hakea-prison-damage/4925090

Overview of Juvenile Detention Centres in Australia

Are they effective?

In this article, juveniles in detention centres are portrayed as 'violent' and 'destructive'. In an incident Banksia Hill Detention centre, 12 detainees damaged 10 prison cells, resulting in $3 million damage to the detention centre. The juveniles involved in the incident were sent to Hakea Prison until the repairs were completed. "The cells that they are going back to are very different to the cells that they are in now, and very different from the layout of the cells and reinforcement of the cells in which they came in January" says Mr Francis. This implies that the detainees are out of control, and detention centres have to adjust their facilities to handle them. This article looks at detention centres in a negative way by outlining the problems that are occurring.

Societal Protection

Juvenile detention centres are effective at providing societal protection, however, unless they are implementing a rehabilitation course or an opportunity for learning they can be ineffective. Unless a person changes their attitude, they are not going to change their behaviors. Juvenile detention centres that do have these sorts of programs have proven to have successful results and better outcomes for those in the detention centres, such as Parkville that provides schooling in the centre. Mr Lanyon says Parkville has a "100 per cent attendance rate".

Juvenile Detention centres help to eliminating opportunities for juvenile delinquents to re-commit crime by putting them in Detention centres, which makes society safer. By removing juvenile offenders from society, they are no longer able to cause any possible harm to civilians.

Services offered to assist youth in the Criminal Justice system

The Youth Justice Community Support Program is an “intensive support program for young people aged 10-21 engaged with the justice system”. It recognizes that “interventions that focus on reducing the likelihood of [young people] escalating to adult offenders will have significant benefits for the whole of the Australian community”.

Department of Corrective Services advocates that:

•a young person should be continually offered the chance to change their behavior

•young people should be assessed to find out the best way to stop them from breaking the law

•the Department works with other agencies which can help young people and their families

•young people should only go into detention when all other options have failed or when the offense is extremely serious.

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