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Seward's Icebox
The Tripartite Alliance
"insolent dogma"
a "spectre that would vanish in plain daylight"
Napoleon III
To recoup their debt, France, Spain, and Great Britain agree to invade Mexico and seize the customhouse at Vera Cruz. Each signatory government agrees not to acquire territory in Mexico.
A declaration of war by the New World against the Old
George Canning
John Q. Adams
James Monroe
Matias Romero
Monroe League
"Proceed with as much dispatch as possible . . . [and] earnestly urge clemency to Maximilian."
William Seward to Lewis Campbell
June 1, 1867
Besides the 50,000 men under his command, Sheridan left caches of contraband small arms which he had seized along his route, intended for the Republican forces.
General Mejia
Maximilian von Hapsburg
General Miramon
Mexico
General Mejia
Despite a "popular" plebiscite, Maximilian's Empire crumbles. Following the withdrawal of French support in March 1867, Maximilian is forced to withdraw to Queretaro, where he is captured May 29.
June 19, 1867 Republican forces capture and execute Maxmilian
General Miramon
Queretaro
French forces land in December 1861, but by February 1862, Spain and Great Britain withdraw from alliance.
After capturing Mexico City, Napoleon III invites Maximilian von Hapsburg to assume the crown of Mexico. April 1864, Maximilian assumes the title Emperor of Mexico.
Mexico City
Vera Cruz
The Battle of Puebla represented a tactical victory. Nevertheless, French reinforcements captured the town and eventually moved to capture Mexico City.
Following the War of Reforms, Benito Juarez declares a two year moratorium on interest repayments on foreign debt.
1861-1867