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Knowledge vs. Ethics:

Mateusz Kołodziejczyk & Emilia Makuch

Application no. 2:

Application no. 1:

Ethical problem around the decision of Euthanasia. What is more important? The life or rest from enormous pain which causes the live to be unbearable?

Death penalty. Are we as humans privileged in the way to give anyone a death penalty? When do we know when killing is ethical or not?

Conclusion!

Conclusion of Religious Knowledge:

Claim no. 3:

Counter-claim:

Religious Knowledge:

Religious systems limits our gaining of knowledge and ability of making councious and moral decisions.

Many religions help to create moral spine of human kind, explains the unexplainable and fulfill the need of belonging.

  • Religion makes us look above and in a different way at what sciences show to us.

  • Religion, generally does not change, so that the religious knowledge and truths are stable.

Real World

Evidence no. 5:

The Islamic state of Iraq and the Levant:

One of the world's largest religion is Islam. The ISIS is the most extremist interpretation of Islam which promotes religious violence even to other Muslims who do not agree with their interpretations. ISIS ideology is represented by the symbolism in Black Standard, the variant of legendary battle flag of Prophet Muhammad with a white circle in it and above the phrase saying "There is no God, but Allah". Does killing in name of religion is ethical ?

TOK World

Conclusion of Human Sciences:

Counter- claim:

Claim no. 2:

Human Sciences:

Human sciences are very subjective and discovered findings cannot be implied to whole population.

Human sciences help us understand the human behaviors when making a decisions.

Evidence no. 4: Psychological research: The War of the Ghosts, Frederic Bartlett in 1932:

  • Through human sciences, we are able to understand ourselves as best as we can and use the information to our advantage.

  • Results of human sciences’ observations cannot be made into a solid conclusion since every person is different.

Evidence no. 6

Perspective A:

  • He suggested the schema theory
  • Schema: how we score knowledge
  • The research: English men had to recall a Native American folk tale in different series of reproduction
  • Findings: the culture influences memory and how we perceive the world.
  • Limitations: it was a study conducted in laboratory and the participants were only from one culture (English) so it cannot be applied to whole population. It has a lack of ecological validity

Religions remove fear from the unknown from the mind of believers. Explains the unexplainable by the form of Creator, God and the most important fulfill the Human's needs of belonging.

For many people religions are the most important part of their lives. Religions create their personality. How they should live etc. Very often creates their moral spine. Many religions are free from promoting violence and brutal way of lives.

Perspective B: Atheism

For many people around the World (12%), religion is unnecessary for their well being. Many of them do not believe at all that God, Creator of any kind exists. They are not satisfied with how religion limits our perspectives and not explains the phenomenon in proper way.

Evidence no. 2:

Natural sciences:

Claim no. 1:

  • Natural sciences gives us explanation based on impartial research backed by rigorous checks and balances, and not belief.

Natural sciences are the main source of information about surrounding us world, which leads to right decision.

Floribeth Mora Diaz from Costa Rica in April 2011, suffered from brain aneurysm. After a series of test in hospitals, operations and brain scans she was told she had only one month to live. Then Floribeth didn't give up and started praying to saint John Paul the II, and in the day of his beatification, she fell asleep and woke up completely cured from her disease.

Counter-claim:

People who deal with natural sciences aren't always right and we have to consider this when we're making a decision.

  • Although scientists care deeply about how their discoveries are used, science itself doesn't indicate what should be done with scientific knowledge

Evidence no. 3:

Antonio Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis: explains a important role of emotion in decision making.

Conclusion of Natural Sciences:

Basil Parasiris 41, in March 2 of 2007.

He was a businessman who lived in Montreal. In early morning he and his family was suprised by nine police officers who enter their home without knocking. Basil started shooting which led to death of one of policeman and the bad injury of the other and his wife. He protected his family, and emotions of probability of loosing his wife or daugthers were much stronger than staying calm. He thought that those policemen were trying to rob him but as soon as he realized that they were policemen he stopped shooing. He was charged with first degree murder but judge found him innocent because he acted only in self defense.

Knowledge Question:

When do we know enough to make an ethical decision?

Real life situation:

Areas of knowledge and Ways of knowing:

  • Natural sciences
  • Human sciences
  • Religous Knowledge
  • Emotions

In 2007 a pregnant woman from

Poland diagnosed with eye disease tried to get an abortion to avoid a loss of vision. She was rejected by many medical doctor, so what makes a decision an ethical one?

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