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"It is advisable to address these basic concepts [of music] through listening to a wide variety of music, including not only music from standard Western tonal repertoire but also twentieth-century art music, jazz, popular music, and the music of non-Western cultures...moreover, there is increasing emphasis throughout colleges on equipping students to deal with music of their own time and of various world cultures ."

--AP Music Theory Course Description

Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Global Cultural Influence

Grace Gollmar

Clave

Son clave

Named for the "key" pattern

from which it originated.

Rumba clave

Bossa clave

Tresillo

The Rhythmic Impact of African Music on the United States

Musical theatre: syncopation and swing are incorporated.

Jazz: syncopation, pentatonic

scales, and polyrhythms.

Polyrhythms are Vital in African Music

Modern pop music includes rhythms such

as the tresillo and clave.

Cinquillo

Bossa nova, salsa, and other Latin American

musical styles have come to America over time.

Coastal cultures (such as Bantu and Mande) have had

the greatest impact on the U.S. in terms of gospel music.

Complex webs of contrasting rhythms.

Found throughout Africa in societies such as the Yorùbá, the Ewe, the Akan, and the Ibo.

Polyrhythms use both main (steady) and secondary (variant) beats to produce "static" and "dynamic" periods of sound. These contrasting beats correspond to times of difficulty or obstacles faced in one's life.

More Evidence

of the 7:12 Ratio

Pythagoras may have developed the octave

scale in Egypt with the same 7:12 ratio used for

the agbadza and for the clave rhythm.

The Rhythmic Impact of African Music on Cuba

Cuban music is a fusion of African rhythms and Spanish

musical structures; it "incorporates the Central African

style of drumming." (Simmons)

The Yorùbá culture impacted Cuba through bàtá drumming.

Bàtá Drumming

In Yorùbá culture, bàtá drums have been used historically for

religious purposes.

In Cuba, they are usually heard and played in secular contexts,

such as in orchestral and band compositions.

Dance-drumming in the Anlo-Ewe community

Nigeria: Yorùbá Talking Drums

Guinea: The Kuku

The Importance of Dance-Drumming on the

West African Coast

Anlo-Ewe community: rhythmic music represents the obstacles

and struggles faced in life; brings the community together.

This social dance is performed by the Manian people. It includes both tresillo-based patterns and cinquillo-based patterns, as well as a clave rhythm that is played by the djembe as a

starting and ending rhythm.

Ghana:

The Agbadza

This social dance uses the 7:12 ratio

of the clave both rhythmically and

harmonically in a 7-note scale.

Bibliography

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Bossa_Clave.png

http://meditationcelebration.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/screen-shot-2012-05-29-at-1-31-39-pm.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/3-2_Son_Clave.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lenke_djembe_from_Mali.jpeg/166px-Lenke_djembe_from_Mali.jpeg

http://threes.com/cms/images/stories/history/pythagoras.jpg

http://people.stthomasu.ca/~belyea/2008/Interrite/Research/Anlo3.jpg

http://www.loti.com/sixties_music/bossa_nova/dance_gafieira.jpg

http://dragonheadmusic.com/images/bata6.jpg

http://www.artmajeur.com/files/africarve/images/artworks/650x650/3208969_TalkingDrum.jpg

http://2unes.net/news/wp-content/plugins/RSSPoster_PRO/cache/12e74_spektorwwsftcs_sq.jpg

http://media.musicfeeds.com.au/files/09b792e75d96dbcb3d49f5af313e9fa12.jpg

http://userserve-ak.last.fm/serve/500/54518147/Beck++2010.jpg

http://countrymusictattletale.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Taylor-Swift.jpg

http://images.btol.com/ContentCafe/Jacket.aspx?UserID=OMNITEST&Password=BT20101104&NotFound=T&Value=9781467701471&Size=M

http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2011/04/21/mississippi-mass-choir_wide-eb95ec1b9e53c77c148c843a1f92c3c62214410b-s6-c10.jpg

http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/E/Duke-Ellington-9286338-1-402.jpg

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http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/C/Nat-King-Cole-9253026-1-402.jpg

http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/D/Miles-Davis-9267992-3-402.jpg

http://www.caseyfiliaci.com/joomla/images/stories/fa816edb83e95bf0.jpg

Why start here?

The Rhythmic Impact of African Music on Brazil

The cultural influence of rhythm on sub-Saharan African music has created specific instrumental uses and rhythmic patterns that have had a great impact on global music from countries within the African diaspora.

As a result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Brazil's

music has been influenced by the cultures of sub-

Saharan countries. Samba and clave were

introduced to the country along with

the bossa clave, a variation that

is used widely today in Brazilian

music.

Conclusion

  • World cultures have incorporated syncopation and complex rhythms into their music due to the influences of people from sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Flexibility of performance makes it possible for African rhythms to be set to instruments of vastly different countries.
  • Without the foundation in complex rhythms created by sub-Saharan people, the world's music would be vastly different.
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