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Background:
After WWII, Stalin promised that the territories taken back from the Germans would hold democratic elections to create a separate government from Russia. Stalin went against this however, and kept a hold on the conquered land for himself.
Creation & Purpose:
In March 1947, Great Britain announced its withdrawal of troops in Greece. The USA responded by announcing her program of giving 400 million dollars in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey, in order to prevent economic expansion into those countries. The purpose of the Truman Doctrine was to contain communism and to prevent it from spreading outside of Russia and Eastern Europe. Truman hoped that if containment could be maintained, communism would slowly die of "natural causes." Truman did not want to risk another world war.
Success? :
Overall, the Truman doctrine was a great success as it effectively prevented communist expansion, and it prevented the rebels from taking over in Greece and Turkey. However, in the instances of Korea, China, and Vietnam, the Truman doctrine and NATO failed to prevent civil wars breaking out and being won by the communist regimes.
Background:
By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated, and lay in ruins from the mass destruction. Most major cities were severely damaged, and industrial facilities were crippled which caused hopeless turmoil after the wars end.
Creation &Purpose:
By 1947, it became apparent to the USA and Canada that the loans given to Western European nations was only enough to provide relief, and would not be able to allow those countries to rebuild and become strong again. George Marshall proposed that the USA should give aid to allow those European nations a chance to rebuild their economies and become independent of aid within 4 years. The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to not only provide aid to Western European countries and allow them to reclaim times of prosperity, but to ultimately prevent communist influences from taking hold.
Success?
Overall, yes, as the aims for European recovery were not met during the 4 year time period, but, the rapid recovery of some European nations was achieved due to the success of the plan. Also, after 1948 the plan helped stop the westward expansion of communism
NATO in Europe:
Background:
After World War II in 1945, western Europe was economically exhausted and militarily weak (the western Allies had rapidly and drastically reduced their armies at the end of the war), and newly powerful communist parties had arisen in France and Italy. By contrast, the Soviet Union had emerged from the war with its armies dominating all the states of central and eastern Europe, and by 1948 communists under Moscow’s sponsorship had consolidated their control of the governments of those countries and suppressed all non communist political activity. What became known as the Iron Curtain, a term popularized by Winston Churchill, had descended over central and eastern Europe. Further, wartime cooperation between the western Allies and the Soviets had completely broken down. The main focus of the alliance emerged as protecting Europe and North America against potential threats from Communist states.
Creation & Purpose:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was Created in April 1949. At the time it included 12 original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States. Greece, Turkey and the Federal Republic of Germany would enter later after 1952. The Berlin Blockade was the event that prompted the Americans to make a peacetime military commitment. It became apparent that a stronger military presence was needed in order to prevent soviet expansion."To keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down," - Hastings Ismay (First Secretary General of NATO)
The Allies agreed that an attack against one of them would be considered an attack against all of them. This helped the Allies have a security agreement that would deter Soviet aggression and prevent a revival of European militarism while also working toward political integration.
Success?:
Yes, as with the benefit of aid and security, political stability was gradually restored in Western European countries. Post-war economics were also able to be restored with the development of security for the Allies.