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(1561-1626)

English scientist and biggest proponent of the empirical method in the 17th century

(1642-1727)

Demonstrated that the universe was an intelligible system, well-ordered in it’s operations and guiding principles.

Calculated the law of universal gravitation in a precise mathematical equation.

Newton’s "Principia" contained experiments that demonstrated his laws of physics

(1596-1649)

Distrusted almost everything both our thought and observational senses can and do deceive us.

“Cogito, ergo sum”  I think, therefore I am.

“Cartesian” dualism/thinking dictates there is an absolute distinction between mind and matter and therefore, between the metaphysical soul and the physical body

•The Royal Society had knowledge of Tahiti due to Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811),

he had landed on the shore just a few months before the Endeavor set sail.

-Bougainville published a book (Voyage around the World) in 1771 that described the Tahitian life. This captured the

Enlightenment’s imagination.

•Denis Detroit penned a Supplement in response to

de Bougainville’s book:

-Detroit argued that the natives of Tahiti were truly Rousseau’s ‘noble savages.’

-The Tahitian people were free from the tyrannical clutches of social hierarchy and private property.

-No king, no magistrate, no priest, no laws, no ‘mine’ and ‘thine.’

-All things were held for the common good, including the island’s women.

•Tahitians, by following their natural instincts they had not fallen into a state of degradation and depravity, as

Christian thinkers would have predicted, but rather they formed into a nation of gentleness, general well-being,

and harmonious tranquility.

•Enlightenment philosophers had argued that human behavior was the same all over the world, and the

Tahitians proved this point.

(1632-1704)

Author of "Essay on Human Understanding"

Argued that by nature people are free, equal and independent.

Supported the idea that people were capable of governing themselves.

People are born with a"Tabla Rasa," "Blank Slate," which is filled with what we learn and how we learned it.

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

(1588-1679)

Author of "Leviathan"

Argued that humankind's only hope was to submit to a higher authority.

Supported the idea of the social contract: people believed and recognized their own depravity; therefore, they were willing to submit to governance.

John Milton's Paradise lost

Paradise Lost

Abraham Darby discovered how to cost-effectively cast iron and and patented it in 1750.

Iron Production

Innovations of The Industrial Revolution

Steam Power in Textile Factories

Patented by Richard Arkwright, the water frame, a water wheel, was installed in cotton mill factories in 1771. After

the 1780's mills sprang up in urban areas, which

increased England's cotton output by 800

percent and accounted for 40 percent of the

nation's exports.

The subject of Paradise Lost poem is about the loss of paradise by

Adam and Eve and their descendants. It also talks about Satan and how he was

called Lucifer (an angel in heaven) and also how he led a war against God.

Then he eventually was sent to hell. And because of the revenge Satan wanted, he

caused the man's downfall by turning into serpent and tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. You can also find this story in first pages of Genesis, but Milton just expanded it in a long narrative poem.

The battle between Lucifer and God represented the English Civil War with its council

and its bids for leadership on both sides. Many reader viewed God as a figure for

Stuart monarchy and Satan as Cromwell. The tension between absolute rule and

civil liberty of the individual were the issues that separated

God from Satan are clearly the issues dividing England in the

seventeenth century.

John Milton served in Oliver Cromwell's government

during the commonwealth.

He studied epics of classical literature and was determined

to write his own.

Paradise Lost is the greatest poem of English 17th century,

written in blank verse, by John Milton (1608-1674).

It was published in 1667 in ten books or sections.

The second edition was published in 1674 which

changed the poem into 12 books

(division of Virgil's Aeneid).

The Industrial Revolution

New machinery and factories created a supply of consumer goods unprecedented in history.

Textiles were a driving force of the Industrial Revolution due to the high demand and ease of production.

Literacy and the New Print Culture.

By 1750, Literacy rates increased so much that 60%

of the men and 40% to 50% women knew how read.

Merchant class was more likely to read than working class.

Even poor people had enough to purchase Milton's book.

Libraries did exist but the poor could not pay the

annual fees.

Satire: Enlightenment Wit

Not very many people thought that the direction in which

England was heading in eighteenth century was for the better.

London was crowed with the activities. During the 18th century, rich and

the middle class started to abandon the city, moving west into

Mayfair and Marylebone. In the heart of London, newly immigrants

started to fill the houses abandoned

by the middle class, which were subdivided into tenements.

The poor people lived in East End (the area contained by old London Wall).

The streets were narrow and everything was old. Prostitution,

drunkenness, assaults, and robbery was a normal thing.

The writers and artists, such as William Hogarth and Jonathan

Swift, thought that they might be able to return England to it's proper path

by exposing the so called "dark side" of Enlightenment.

Hogarth and the Popular Print

The Satire of Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift was the most famous satirist of the English

Enlightenment times.

In eighteenth century, Swift was named Dean of

St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin in1713.

It was there where he wrote one of his famous works named Gulliver's Travels in 1726. In this book,

Swift wrote about the traveling adventure of Lemuel Gulliver who meets

miniature people, giants, and other creature.

This book was best selling book, it's first print was sold out within a week.

Universal read.

In 1743, thousands of English people were addicted to gin because they wanted to escape from misery of poverty.

In 1751, William Hogarth published "Gin Lane" which is basically about how people started to drink to escape from all the worries and poverty. Hogarth wrote " In gin lane every circumstance of its (gin's) horrid effects are brought to view; nothing but idleness, Poverty, misery, and ruin are to be seen..... a not a house in tolerance condition but Pawn brokers and the Gin shop."

In his painting, Hogarth emphasizes on the condition of London at its worst. He made the painting with a broad humor that marks the best social satire. He wanted his painting to influence public's behavior. In Gin Lane painting, it shows how people were losing their senses. In this painting you could see the poverty, misery, madness that people were going through.

The Enlightenment in France

Started with Louis XIV opening in his private apartments

in Versailles

After his death they continued their gatherings at

hotels "Paris townhouses"

Hotels: Salon: room designed especially for

social gatherings

The Scientific Revolution

Empirical thinking that dominated the Western Mind.

"Scientia," knowledge in Latin, was to be found in the world, not in religion.

Rene Descartes

Isaac Newton

Francis Bacon

Chapter 17: Age of Enlightenment

The English Enlightenment and New Rationalism

One year after the Great Fire in 1666, a poet named John Dryden equated the reformation o f London to the re-birth of a phoenix because the city was re-built so quickly and had potential for a much greater future than before.

Christopher Wren was commissioned to rebuild 52 churches, the most significant being Saint Paul’s Cathedral. This cathedral contained Gothic, renaissance and baroque styles. It also an inscription of “RESURGRAM” which means reborn in Latin—above a mural of a phoenix rising from the ashes, this was symbolic because the Cathedral rises above the city.

The Claims of Reason and the Excess of Privilege

Philosophes "Philosophers"

Influential thinkers

Visited Salons very often

Dominated intellectual thinker of French Enlightenment: A movement that emphasized reason & rationality and sought to develop a systematic understanding of divine and natural law

Their attention was focused more on social concerns

Almost all committed to the abolition of the monarchy

The Rococo

Philosophies v French Courtier

French artistic style

Best know for culmination of development in arts & architecture

Began with Michelangelo and cont. through Mannerism & Baroque

Jean-Antoine-Watteau was the best Rococo artist

Little known throughout his lifetime

Best known for Fetes Gallants; extension of amorous, celebrations or partied enjoyed by an elite group in a pastoral or garden setting

The Embarkation from Cythera

Aspired to establish new social order of superior moral & ethical quality

Often collide in salons

Nobility appreciated more an elaborate decoration & ornament

Philosophies hated ornamentation and wanted order, regularity & balance of Classical tradition

Describes an ideal state of governed by a somewhat mystical of the people that delegates authority to the organ of gov't as it deems necessary

Marie Antoinette

Jean Jacques Rousseau & Social Contract

The South Pacific

"Accumulate, codify & preserve

human knowledge"

Rational Humanism ( Principle Guidance)

belief that through logical, careful

thought, progress is inevitable

Cross Cultural Contact

Encylopedie continued

Francois Boucher, Le Chinois galant, 1742

The Rococo court painter Francois Boucher, imitated h blue-on-white technique or style in oil paint.

Blue on white porcelain was come to be known as china.

China's Influence on Rococo Art

•Captain James Cook set sail from Plymouth, England on the British ship the Endeavor on August 26, 1768

•He was sponsored by both the Royal Society, and the British Admiralty

•His missions were believed to support the Enlightenment:

- Extend human knowledge

-Claim new territories for the British crown

-To map the Southern Seas

-Records observations

-Classify a vast area of the world that was unknown to the European civilization.

•The second, and debatably, Cook’s most important mission was to Tahiti. He was tasked with charting the Transit of Venus (the moment that Venus crosses directly between the Sun and the Earth)

-This was instrumental in learning to calculate the size of the solar system

-Occurs twice, eight years apart, every 243 years.

-In the 18th century it occurred in 1761 & 1769, also in June 2004 and June 2012

Captain James Cook

The Encyclopedie

Achievement of Philosophes

Louis XV banned its printing twice due to "irreparable damage to morality & religion"

Subtitled Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Trades

Over 180 writers

"Change general way of thinking

Freedom of thought was fundamental to the transmission of knowledge and any state that suppressed it was considered an obstacle to progress

Represents principle of Enlightenment

Voltaire & French Satire

Believed in Enlightenment monarchy but used satire toward the kings

Imprisoned at Bastille then was sent on exile to London

Published Philosophical Letters criticizing French monarchy as a tyrannical

Later published Le Siecle de Louis XIV (The Century of Louis XIV)

Candide (Optimism) most famous work

"...tend to the small things that we can do well & leave the world at large to keep on its incomponent, evil and even horrific way"

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