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(1561-1626)
English scientist and biggest proponent of the empirical method in the 17th century
(1642-1727)
Demonstrated that the universe was an intelligible system, well-ordered in it’s operations and guiding principles.
Calculated the law of universal gravitation in a precise mathematical equation.
Newton’s "Principia" contained experiments that demonstrated his laws of physics
(1596-1649)
Distrusted almost everything both our thought and observational senses can and do deceive us.
“Cogito, ergo sum” I think, therefore I am.
“Cartesian” dualism/thinking dictates there is an absolute distinction between mind and matter and therefore, between the metaphysical soul and the physical body
(1632-1704)
Author of "Essay on Human Understanding"
Argued that by nature people are free, equal and independent.
Supported the idea that people were capable of governing themselves.
People are born with a"Tabla Rasa," "Blank Slate," which is filled with what we learn and how we learned it.
(1588-1679)
Author of "Leviathan"
Argued that humankind's only hope was to submit to a higher authority.
Supported the idea of the social contract: people believed and recognized their own depravity; therefore, they were willing to submit to governance.
Iron Production
Steam Power in Textile Factories
The subject of Paradise Lost poem is about the loss of paradise by
Adam and Eve and their descendants. It also talks about Satan and how he was
called Lucifer (an angel in heaven) and also how he led a war against God.
Then he eventually was sent to hell. And because of the revenge Satan wanted, he
caused the man's downfall by turning into serpent and tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. You can also find this story in first pages of Genesis, but Milton just expanded it in a long narrative poem.
The battle between Lucifer and God represented the English Civil War with its council
and its bids for leadership on both sides. Many reader viewed God as a figure for
Stuart monarchy and Satan as Cromwell. The tension between absolute rule and
civil liberty of the individual were the issues that separated
God from Satan are clearly the issues dividing England in the
seventeenth century.
John Milton served in Oliver Cromwell's government
during the commonwealth.
He studied epics of classical literature and was determined
to write his own.
Paradise Lost is the greatest poem of English 17th century,
written in blank verse, by John Milton (1608-1674).
It was published in 1667 in ten books or sections.
The second edition was published in 1674 which
changed the poem into 12 books
(division of Virgil's Aeneid).
New machinery and factories created a supply of consumer goods unprecedented in history.
By 1750, Literacy rates increased so much that 60%
of the men and 40% to 50% women knew how read.
Merchant class was more likely to read than working class.
Even poor people had enough to purchase Milton's book.
Libraries did exist but the poor could not pay the
annual fees.
Not very many people thought that the direction in which
England was heading in eighteenth century was for the better.
London was crowed with the activities. During the 18th century, rich and
the middle class started to abandon the city, moving west into
Mayfair and Marylebone. In the heart of London, newly immigrants
started to fill the houses abandoned
by the middle class, which were subdivided into tenements.
The poor people lived in East End (the area contained by old London Wall).
The streets were narrow and everything was old. Prostitution,
drunkenness, assaults, and robbery was a normal thing.
The writers and artists, such as William Hogarth and Jonathan
Swift, thought that they might be able to return England to it's proper path
by exposing the so called "dark side" of Enlightenment.
Jonathan Swift was the most famous satirist of the English
Enlightenment times.
In eighteenth century, Swift was named Dean of
St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin in1713.
In 1743, thousands of English people were addicted to gin because they wanted to escape from misery of poverty.
In 1751, William Hogarth published "Gin Lane" which is basically about how people started to drink to escape from all the worries and poverty. Hogarth wrote " In gin lane every circumstance of its (gin's) horrid effects are brought to view; nothing but idleness, Poverty, misery, and ruin are to be seen..... a not a house in tolerance condition but Pawn brokers and the Gin shop."
In his painting, Hogarth emphasizes on the condition of London at its worst. He made the painting with a broad humor that marks the best social satire. He wanted his painting to influence public's behavior. In Gin Lane painting, it shows how people were losing their senses. In this painting you could see the poverty, misery, madness that people were going through.
Started with Louis XIV opening in his private apartments
in Versailles
After his death they continued their gatherings at
hotels "Paris townhouses"
Hotels: Salon: room designed especially for
social gatherings
Empirical thinking that dominated the Western Mind.
"Scientia," knowledge in Latin, was to be found in the world, not in religion.
One year after the Great Fire in 1666, a poet named John Dryden equated the reformation o f London to the re-birth of a phoenix because the city was re-built so quickly and had potential for a much greater future than before.
Christopher Wren was commissioned to rebuild 52 churches, the most significant being Saint Paul’s Cathedral. This cathedral contained Gothic, renaissance and baroque styles. It also an inscription of “RESURGRAM” which means reborn in Latin—above a mural of a phoenix rising from the ashes, this was symbolic because the Cathedral rises above the city.
Influential thinkers
Visited Salons very often
Dominated intellectual thinker of French Enlightenment: A movement that emphasized reason & rationality and sought to develop a systematic understanding of divine and natural law
Their attention was focused more on social concerns
Almost all committed to the abolition of the monarchy
Aspired to establish new social order of superior moral & ethical quality
Often collide in salons
Nobility appreciated more an elaborate decoration & ornament
Philosophies hated ornamentation and wanted order, regularity & balance of Classical tradition
Describes an ideal state of governed by a somewhat mystical of the people that delegates authority to the organ of gov't as it deems necessary
Marie Antoinette
Francois Boucher, Le Chinois galant, 1742
Blue on white porcelain was come to be known as china.
Captain James Cook
Believed in Enlightenment monarchy but used satire toward the kings
Imprisoned at Bastille then was sent on exile to London
Published Philosophical Letters criticizing French monarchy as a tyrannical
Later published Le Siecle de Louis XIV (The Century of Louis XIV)
Candide (Optimism) most famous work
"...tend to the small things that we can do well & leave the world at large to keep on its incomponent, evil and even horrific way"