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Oprah Winfrey as Sethe
(Beloved, 1998)
Gordon
(1963)
How does one "heal"?
Slave collars often had long, metal spikes to increase the likelihood of sleeplessness and getting entangled in the woods.
Twelve Years a Slave. Dir. Steve McQueen. Perf. Chiwetel Ejiofor. Fox Searchlight, 2013. Film.
This gruesome device gains popularity in American slavery, now known as the Iron Muzzle or Iron Bit.
The iron bit holds down the tongue firmly, so as to accumulate saliva and prevent swallowing for long periods of time.
"The need to spit is so deep you cry for it" - Beloved (84)
Abolitionist lawyer John Jolliffe tries to persuade the court to charge Margaret for murder with the hopes that she would not be re-enslaved via the Fugitive Slave Law.
The court returned the Garners to their masters. Margaret died in 1858 in a typhoid epidemic.
The Fugitive Slave Act
Required by law enslaved persons, even in free territory, be returned to their masters. Threatened the safety of all black people, even freedmen in the North.
A pregnant Margaret Garner escapes with her children and her husband Robert, fleeing with several others to a safe house in Cincinnati, Ohio. Many called it the coldest winter ever.
The tradition of Negro spirituals is immortalized and recorded in "Slave Songs of the United States"
"For a long time, the art form that was healing for Black people was music. That music is no longer exclusively ours ... so another form has to take that place, and it seems to me that the novel is needed by African-Americans now in a way that it was not needed before." - Toni Morrison, "Rootedness" (1984)
The "Middle Passage" marks the final and most deadly leg of the Atlantic slave trade, lasting for several centuries.
Hours later, their master and several federal marshals arrive with an arrest warrant. Robert Garner fires several shots in defense, wounding one man before being overpowered.
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European women are increasingly subjected to the "scold's bridle" to encourage silence in the presence of males, especially in church.
Margaret slits her two-year-old daughter's throat with a butcher knife, wounds her other children, and intends to take her own life as well as theirs. She is stopped and the entire Garner family is taken into custody.
Margaret Garner, the inspiration for Sethe's character, is born into slavery in Kentucky.
The slave trading in Africa by Europeans begins.