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Washback Effect
63
Textbooks
Textbooks should be designed to develop learners' skills that the test aims at.
Teachers
Tests
New
Curriculum
Tests should measure learners' abilities
- to take part in acts of communication
- to use language in real life situations
(Phan, 2008)
Teachers should broaden their knowledge of teaching methodology.
They determine the strength of the washback and whether it is positive or negative.
one of the reasons is
Test Objectives
Positive Washback
Course Objectives
What is washback?
an effect of testing on teaching and learning
Washback can be both positive and negative according to whether the exam is testing skills that students are required to develop.
"positive washback happens when course and test objectives overlap" (p. 103).
15 hypotheses for further research
Washback Hypothesis
Alderson & Wall (1993)
Buck (1998)
Gates (1995)
Washback Effect
on Speaking Ability
Test
Training
????
4Ts
Washback on teachers
A new test should accompany with a coherent series of teacher training.
A new test affects
what they teach (content)
Thank you so much!
how they teach (methodology)
Teachers highly depend on exam-related textbooks (Cheng, 1997).
Teachers narrow the contents according to the test's components.
Washback-Mediating Factors
Communicative language testing itself is not enough for positive washback on speaking ability.
Learners improved their speaking performance through exam-related activities.
However, does the test really lead to intended washback?
evidence
- borrowing expressions
- superficiality of outcome
- communicative?
Washback on learners
As they get familiar with the test format, they tend to be engaged in
- memorization
- rote-learning
Teachers' Methodology
Communicative
Language
Testing
"the degree of teachers' familiarity with a range of teaching methods might be a factor mediating the process of producing washback" (Watanabe, 2004, p. 140).
Teachers have difficulty in applying a new method.
"Testwiseness" > Proficiency
When a new test or curriculum is implemented, teacher training is necessary (Machida, 2016; Machida & Uchida, 2015)
Teacher Training
Buck (1988)
There are probably many reasons why most Japanese high school graduates cannot use English...
Textbooks
university entrance examinations!
Purpose of this
Lit. Review
2020
center test
integrate 4 skills
new test
listening, speaking, reading, writing
how communicative language testing works
how teachers should react to the changes
to generate possitive washback