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Terms of the 1930
Terms of the 1936
1930 and 1936
Summarize the major provisions of the agreement and any tangible results.
London Naval Treaty - 1930
Agreement between Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and US
Purpose was to prevent tension for another war by limiting navies
Different tonnage limits for each country - total weight or number of ships could not exceed limit
US - 18 heavy cruisers, British - 15, Japan - 12
Also limited light cruisers based on total weight
Submarine warfare - Merchant vessels could not be sunk without first removing passengers, crew, and ship’s papers in safe area; if the vessel refuses to stop upon summoning (resisting) it can be sunk
Not all signing countries agreed with decisions, led to instability later with second naval treaty
http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/LondonNavalConf
London Naval Treaty - 1936
Signed by France, Britain, and US (Japan and Italy had withdrawn from conference and refused signature on treaty)
Intended to limit growth of naval armaments
Had issues with the removal of Japan from treaty, hindered agreement on max. number of warships, eventually came to agreement
Restrictions on weight and gun size of capital ships, submarines, light cruisers, aircraft carriers, battleships
Right to exceed limits if another country threatened national security
Merchant ships that did not refuse when asked to stop could not be sunk
Effective until beginning of WWII
Give us a sense of the general historical context of the time in which this document was signed.
Great Depression following WWI
Japan captures Manchuria in 1931, creating Manchukuo with constitutional monarchy - monarchy ended at end of WWII
FDR elected president - 1932 - New Deal to combat Great Depression
Nazi party building up - 1933ish
Crash of League of Nations in 1939 - also failed to aid disarmament before collapse
Analyze positives and negatives of the agreement.
Negative: Major naval powers disagreed - Japan and Italy refused to sign second treaty
Negative: Did not achieve higher goal of preventing war - Mukden incident (Japan)
Negative: Provoked political turmoil
Negative: Unrealistic goals and terms - submarine warfare - if they don’t refuse to stop, crew and passengers must be taken to place of safety
Negative: Weight limits for ships were often ignored - there was no way to enforce the rule
Positive: Had goal of preventing war by limiting navies of large powers
Positive: Hindered expensive arms race by limiting navies - could not exceed number of ships, so money was put towards building economies
Positive: Article about submarine warfare in second treaty- led to London Submarine Protocol, which over 35 nations eventually signed (including Japan, who refused to sign the treaty itself)
Find a written document excerpt that pertains to the agreement. Analyze, with respect to origin and purpose, values and limitations for a historian.
Value: memo for French Prime minister - classified, primary document
Value: kept in French foreign ministry archives - original document
Value: gives official opinions of the time period
Limitation: No specific author cited
Results
Results of the treaties