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London Naval Treaty

1930

Terms of the 1930

1936

Terms of the 1936

1930 and 1936

Summarize the major provisions of the agreement and any tangible results.

London Naval Treaty - 1930

Agreement between Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and US

Purpose was to prevent tension for another war by limiting navies

Different tonnage limits for each country - total weight or number of ships could not exceed limit

US - 18 heavy cruisers, British - 15, Japan - 12

Also limited light cruisers based on total weight

Submarine warfare - Merchant vessels could not be sunk without first removing passengers, crew, and ship’s papers in safe area; if the vessel refuses to stop upon summoning (resisting) it can be sunk

Not all signing countries agreed with decisions, led to instability later with second naval treaty

http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/LondonNavalConf

London Naval Treaty - 1936

Signed by France, Britain, and US (Japan and Italy had withdrawn from conference and refused signature on treaty)

Intended to limit growth of naval armaments

Had issues with the removal of Japan from treaty, hindered agreement on max. number of warships, eventually came to agreement

Restrictions on weight and gun size of capital ships, submarines, light cruisers, aircraft carriers, battleships

Right to exceed limits if another country threatened national security

Merchant ships that did not refuse when asked to stop could not be sunk

Effective until beginning of WWII

Give us a sense of the general historical context of the time in which this document was signed.

Great Depression following WWI

Japan captures Manchuria in 1931, creating Manchukuo with constitutional monarchy - monarchy ended at end of WWII

FDR elected president - 1932 - New Deal to combat Great Depression

Nazi party building up - 1933ish

Crash of League of Nations in 1939 - also failed to aid disarmament before collapse

Analyze positives and negatives of the agreement.

Negative: Major naval powers disagreed - Japan and Italy refused to sign second treaty

Negative: Did not achieve higher goal of preventing war - Mukden incident (Japan)

Negative: Provoked political turmoil

Negative: Unrealistic goals and terms - submarine warfare - if they don’t refuse to stop, crew and passengers must be taken to place of safety

Negative: Weight limits for ships were often ignored - there was no way to enforce the rule

Positive: Had goal of preventing war by limiting navies of large powers

Positive: Hindered expensive arms race by limiting navies - could not exceed number of ships, so money was put towards building economies

Positive: Article about submarine warfare in second treaty- led to London Submarine Protocol, which over 35 nations eventually signed (including Japan, who refused to sign the treaty itself)

Find a written document excerpt that pertains to the agreement. Analyze, with respect to origin and purpose, values and limitations for a historian.

Value: memo for French Prime minister - classified, primary document

Value: kept in French foreign ministry archives - original document

Value: gives official opinions of the time period

Limitation: No specific author cited

Results

Results of the treaties

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