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Chapter 5.2 Levels, Sublevels, Orbitals, and Electrons

Energy of Sublevels

  • In any energy level
  • the s sublevel has the lowest energy
  • the s sublevel is followed by the p, d, f sublevels
  • higher sublevels are possible, but only s, p, d, f sublevels are needed to hold the number of electrons in the atoms known today

Energy Levels

All s orbitals have spherical

shapes that increase in volume at higher energy levels.

  • are assigned quantum numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on

  • increase in energy as the value of n increases

  • have a maximum number of electrons equal to 2n^2

Number of Sublevels

s Orbital

  • has a spherical shape around the nucleus
  • increases in size around the nucleus as the energy level n value increases
  • is a single orbital found in each s sublevel

p Orbitals

The number of sublevels in an energy level is the

same as the principal quantum number, n.

  • have a two-lobed shape
  • are one of three p orbitals that make up each p sublevel, each aligned along a different axis
  • increase in size as the value of n increases

An Orbital

Sublevels

A sublevel:

  • contains electrons with the same energy
  • has the same shape but increases in volume at higher energy levels
  • is found within each energy level
  • is designated by the letters s, p, d, or f

  • is a three-dimensional space around a nucleus where an electron is found most of the time
  • has a shape that represents electron density (not a path the electron follows)
  • can hold up to two electrons
  • contains two electrons that spin in opposite directions

Solution

The number of

A. electrons that can occupy a p orbital is

2) 2

B. p orbitals in the 2p sublevel is

3) 3

C. d orbitals in the n = 4 energy level is

3) 5

D. electrons that can occupy the 4f sublevel is

3) 14

Sublevels and Orbitals

Learning Check

  • Each sublevel consists of a specific number of orbitals.
  • an s sublevel contains one s orbital
  • a p sublevel contains three p orbitals
  • a d sublevel contains five d orbitals
  • an f sublevel contains seven f orbitals

The number of

A. electrons that can occupy a p orbital is

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3

B. p orbitals in the 2p sublevel is

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3

C. d orbitals in the n = 4 energy level is

1) 1 2) 3 3) 5

D. electrons that can occupy the 4f sublevel is

1) 2 2) 6 3) 14

Electron Capacity

Learning Check

The total number of electrons in all the sublevels adds up to give the maximum number of electrons (2n2) allowed in an energy level.

Indicate the number and type of orbitals

in each of the following:

A. 4s sublevel

B. 3d sublevel

C. n = 3

Solution

Indicate the number and type of orbitals in each of the following:

A. 4s sublevel = one 4s orbital

B. 3d sublevel = five 3d orbitals

C. n = 3 = one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and five 3d orbitals

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