Westward Expansion and Andrew Jackson

it stated that the indians had to to move west of the mississippi

the most cosstly battle the us faught to gain indian land

Choctaw

On September 27, 1830, the Choctaw signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and became the first Native American tribe to be voluntarily removed. The agreement represented one of the largest transfers of land that was signed between the U.S. Government and Native Americans without being instigated by warfare. By the treaty, the Choctaw signed away their remaining traditional homelands, opening them up for European-American settlement in Mississippi Territory. When the Choctaw reached Little Rock, a Choctaw chief (thought to be Thomas Harkins or Nitikechi) stated to the Arkansas Gazette that the removal was a "trail of tears and death".

Cherokee

While the Indian Removal Act made the relocation of the tribes voluntary, it was often abused by government officials. The best-known example is the Treaty of New Echota. It was negotiated and signed by a small faction of Cherokee tribal members, not the tribal leadership, on December 29, 1835. It resulted in the forced relocation of the tribe in 1838.[8] An estimated 4,000 Cherokee died in the march, now known as the Trail of Tears. Missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts urged the Cherokee Nation to take their case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Marshall court ruled that while Native American tribes were sovereign nations (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831), state laws had no force on tribal lands (Worcester v. Georgia, 1832).[9]

Seminole

In 1835, the Seminole refused to leave their lands in Florida, leading to the Second Seminole War. Osceola led the Seminole in their fight against removal. Based in the Everglades of Florida, Osceola and his band used surprise attacks to defeat the U.S. Army in many battles. In 1837, Osceola was seized by deceit upon the orders of U.S. General T.S. Jesup when Osceola came under a flag of truce to negotiate peace.[10] He died in prison. Some Seminole traveled deeper into the Everglades, while others moved west. Removal continued out west and numerous wars ensued over land.

Muscogee (Creek)

In the aftermath of the Treaty of Fort Jackson and the Treaty of Washington, the Muscogee were confined to a small strip of land in present-day east central Alabama. Following the Indian Removal Act, in 1832 the Creek National Council signed the Treaty of Cusseta, ceding their remaining lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S., and accepting relocation to the Indian Territory. Most Muscogee were removed to Indian Territory during the Trail of Tears in 1834, although some remained behind.

Chickasaw

Unlike other tribes who exchanged land grants, the Chickasaw were to receive mostly financial compensation of $3 million from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River.[11] In 1836, the Chickasaw had reached an agreement that purchased land from the previously removed Choctaw after a bitter five-year debate. They paid the Choctaw $530,000 for the westernmost part of Choctaw land. The first group of Chickasaw moved in 1837. The $3 million that the U.S. owed the Chickasaw went unpaid for nearly 30 years.

THE END

The Five Tribes

THE TRAIL OF TEARS

VOCABULARY

The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.It brought horror to the native american tribes.

the indian removal act

In 1831 the Choctaw were the first to be removed, and they became the model for all other removals. After the Choctaw, the Seminole were removed in 1832, the Creek in 1834, then the Chickasaw in 1837, and finally the Cherokee in 1838.[6] After removal, some Native Americans remained in their ancient homelands - the Choctaw are found in Mississippi, the Seminole in Florida, the Creek in Alabama, and the Cherokee in North Carolina. A limited number of non-native Americans (including African-Americans - usually as slaves) also accompanied the Native American nations on the trek westward.[

seminole war

Indian Removal Act and How They Got it to Pass

"The Indian Removal Act, signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, was controversial and divisive at the time, passing the Senate on a vote of 28 to 19 and the House 102 to 97. The bill stemmed from Jackson's first State of the Union address (December 8, 1829), where Jackson set his priorities-to emphasize the sovereignty of states over the sovereignty of Indian nations, and to recommend removal of eastern Indian nations to lands west of the Mississippi River. In a sense, this act is Congress's answer to the question Jackson raised in that address-"whether something can be done, consistently with the rights of the States, to preserve this much-injured race."

Even though this act was supposed to be voluntary, great pressure was put on the five Indian tribes to sign treaties and leave their lands to the U.S. Many of the Southern states strongly wanted the Indians to leave so they could gain control of fertile soil for large plantations for growing cotton. Some of the Indian chiefs like Osceola, resisted the Act and fought the Americans using guerrilla warfare. Eventually, the Indian chief was overtaken and the U.S. took control of the land. All of the Indians were forced to move West of the Mississippi on an emigration widely known as the "Trail of Tears."

Works Cited

Overview

"Indian Removal Act" Wikipedia: The Free Encyclpedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 28 January 2013. Web. 23 January 2013

Andrew Jackson and the movement of the Indians.

The U.S. wanted the fertile soil the Indians owned for growing cotton. But George Washington had promised that the Indians could keep their land. Then, President Jackson made a decision that would change the Indians' lives forever.

"Indian Removal" Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 28 January 2013. Web. 25 January 2013.