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Seminar Question: Which of the following "stereotypical" high school hierarchies best corresponds with the social hierarchy of the Portuguese Colonies?

Works Cited

A) Jocks = Peninsulars; Theater Kids = Mestizos; Nerds = Natives

B) Preps = Creoles;

Theater Kids = Mestizos; Nerds = Mulattoes;

C) Jocks = Peninsulars;

Preps = Mestizos;

Nerds = Natives

“Bolivia 2009.” Constituteproject. n.p, n.d. Web. 4 September 2014.

“Brazil 1988 (rev. 2014).” Constituteproject. n.p, n.d. Web. 4 September 2014.

Burns, E. Bradford. Latin America A Concise Interpretive History. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994. Print.

Portuguese Colonies:

The Land of Sugar and Slaves

Treatment of Native Americans

  • Exploited as slave labor
  • Labor = Christianity & Europeanization
  • Disease means Africa
  • Monarch protection
  • Slavery, but...

Social Structure and Class System

Encomienda/Aldeia System

Queen Isabella I (1451-1504)

Political Discontent

Mulattoes -> Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Brazil

  • blend of African and European descent

Mestizos -> Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, and Paraguay

  • blend of Indian and European descent
  • Dominated population by late 19th century
  • Middle class

Mazombos ->traditional social elites; whites born in Brazil

Reinois -> whites born in Portugal

“Resentment of the overseas metropolitan exploitation of the colonies; and growing complaints of excessive taxes, restrictions, and monopolies all widened the gap between the colonials and the Iberians” (Burns 72).

  • Forced Labor
  • Slavery
  • Aldeia System
  • Encomiendas
  • Excessive taxation
  • Conspiracy of the Tailors
  • Economic exploitation

Flag of "The Conspiracy of the Tailors

Political Control and Oversight by the Mother Country

“In addition to its limited economic role, Brazil served strategically for many decades as the guardian of the western flank of the prized route of the Orient. So long as Portugal held a monopoly over that seaborne trade, Brazil received only minimal attention” (Burns 14).

  • Main Motive: Trade
  • No Division of Power -> Church & State together
  • Loosely Organized
  • More transitory institutions compared to Spain
  • Overseas Council 1642

Economic Mercantilism

  • American made map, 1814

What is "mercantilism?"

  • For mother country's benefit
  • Pre-1750, 4 licensed companies
  • Exclusive monopolies
  • Direct trade prevented

"[Brazilian elites] desire to enter the capitalist marketplace [...] and the imperial, mercantilist, and monopolistic policies [...] charted a course of conflict that prompted the exercise of greater royal control" (Burns 64).

So What?

Ideally....

Labor Systems

The Role of Religion and the Church

  • Church and State intertwined
  • King: final say in church matters
  • Clerics: high positions
  • "Christianizing and Europeanization" of Natives
  • Aldeia system
  • Encomienda
  • Wage labor
  • Unfair trade for the natives?
  • “Contract wage labor became debt peonage” (Burns 35).

We, the people, of the land of the xPC (ex-Portuguese Colonies), rightfully declare independence, no longer associating with any meddling outside forces. This document ensures that “it’s not us, it’s you,” and we are formally taking our separate paths.

The Exception

  • 1759
  • Pombal drives out 600 Jesuits
  • Fortifies royal authority

Why?

  • Paranoia of the crown
  • Growing power from staffing

colonial schools

  • Did not support growing

Absolutism in Portugal

Pombal expelling the Jesuits

" [...] the system proved to be one more device of the landowners to exploit the labor of the Indians" (Burns 35).

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