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General Information
Practical Evaluation
Technical Evaluation
Brief Review of Literature
Concluding Remarks
"The TAT is more akin to a highly specialized interview technique than an psychometric test" (Rossini & Moretti, 1997, p. 395).
Aronow, E., Weiss, K. A., & Reznikoff, M. (2001). A practical guide to the thematic apperception test: The T.A.T. in clinical practice. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge.
Card 4: "Someone pissed this guy off and he's gonna defend his manhood and return the blow or get into a fight and she doesn't want him to go. She's begging him- she cares- I think that she calms him and talks sense into him and his rage mellows out and he doesn't go off to fight" (p. 15).
Descriptive theme: A raging man is stopped from fighting with someone who angered him by an imploring, concerned woman, who reasons with him and calms him down.
Interpretive theme: When one's masculinity is threatened, one seeks revenge, but a female figure intervenes and successfully prevents aggressive retaliation.
Diagnostic theme: Reacts with anger to threatened masculinity, but conflicted over expressing aggressive drives. The anger is repressed. Females seen as concerned, comforting, and persuasively rational.
1- Story Content
A. Hero: needs, drives, motivations, behaviors, crimes and punishments, defenses
B. Object relations: attitudes to relational figures
C. Concepts of the environment
D. Outcome of the story
2- Story Structure
A. Basic tone of story: underlying feelings, assumptions, optimism or pessimism
B. Cohesiveness
C. Language usage
D. Time orientation
E. Omissions of objects
F. Additions of objects
G. Sequence analysis- of the stories the client told in relation to each other
H. Length of time per story
3- Test Behavior Observations
Scoring systems, or checklists, have been developed, but due to lack of free access to a specific checklist, will not be demonstrated in this presentation.
Reliability
Validity
Main Themes Technique
Step 1: Identify "hero" (main character) in a story
Note hero's "needs, drives, view of the world and people, conflicts, anxieties, defenses and integration of the ego" (p. 15).
Step 2: Identify themes on 3 levels and write a summary for each
"Properly speaking, the unconscious is the real psychic; its inner nature is just as unknown to us as the reality of the external world, and it is just as imperfectly reported to us through the data of consciousness as is the external world through the indications of our sensory organs."
-Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams
Adcock, C. J. (1965). [Review of the test Thematic Apperception Test]. In The sixth mental measurements yearbook. Available from http://www.unl.edu/buros/
Aronow, E., Weiss, K. A., & Reznikoff, M. (2001). A practical guide to the thematic apperception test: The T.A.T. in clinical practice. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge.
Alvarado, N. (1994). Empirical validity of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(1), 59-79. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6301_5
Bailey, B., & Green, J. (1977). Black Thematic Apperception Test stimulus material. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41(1), 25-30. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.antioch.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail?vid=4&sid=6b2530ae-2bb5-417a94b0e5d421a68d7%40sessionmgr4002&hid=4109&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=mnh&AN=845775
Carlton, L., & MacDonald, R. R. (2003). An investigation of the effects of music on Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) interpretations. Musicae Scientiae, Special Issue, 9-30
Conrad, H. S. (1950). A normative study of the Thematic Apperception Test. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 64(9), i-48.
Cramer, P. (1996). Storytelling, Narrative, and the Thematic Apperception Test. The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
Duzant, R. (2005). Differences of emotional tone and story length of African Americans’ Thematic Apperception Test. (Order No. 3196251, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/305373572?accountid=40581. (305373572).
Ehrenreich, J. H. (1990). Effect of social class of subjects on normative responses to TAT cards. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(4), 467-471. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199007)46:4<467::AID-JCLP2270460415>3.0.CO;2-4
Fox, J. L. & Grant, S. (2006). The Thematic Apperception Test: Toward a standard measure of the big three motives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(3), 277-291.
Grudzinska, Z. (2012). "Please, god..." Prayer and its functions in narratives based on projective method of research (Religious Apperception Test). Theoretic background and rationale of the study. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego.Studia Religiologica, 45(2), 137-145.
Hibbard, S., Tang, P. Y., Latko, R., Park, J., Munn, S., Bolz, S., & Somerville, A. (2000). Differential validity of the Defense Mechanism Manual for the TAT between Asian Americans and Whites. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75(3), 351-372. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7503_01
Katz, H. E., Russ, S. W., & Overholser, J. C. (1993). Sex differences, sex roles, and projection on the TAT: Matching stimulus to examinee gender. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60(1), 186-191. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6001_15
Lundy, A. (1985). The reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(2), 141-145. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4902_6
McBride, D. (2013). The Process of Research in Psychology: 2nd Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Murray, H. (1943). Manual for the Thematic Apperception Test. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Narron, M. (2005). Updating the TAT: A photographic revision of the Thematic Apperception Test. (3160243, Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Osborn, C. J. (1996). The feasibility of the Thematic Apperception Test for adolescent clients. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development (American Counseling
Association), 29 (1), 48. Retrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com.antioch.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail?vid=5&sid=6b2530ae-2bb5-417a-94b0-ae5d421a68d7%40sessionmgr4002
Rossini, E. D., & Moretti, R. J. (1997). Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) interpretation: Practice recommendations from a survey of clinical psychology doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(4), 393-398. Retrieved from http://journals.ohiolink.edu/ejc/pdf.cgi/Rossini_Edward_D.pdf?issn=07357028&issue=v28i0004&article=393_tati
Sartori, R. (2010). Face validity in personality tests: Psychometric instruments and projective techniques in comparison. Quality and Quantity, 44(4), 749-759. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9224-0
Worchel, F. T., Aaron, L. L., & Yates, D. F. (1990). Gender bias on the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3-4), 593-602. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5503&4_1
An "air of friendliness (imparted by the secretary and other members of the staff), the aesthetic tone of the office and its furnishings, as well as the sex, age, manner and personality of the examiner are all capable of affecting the freedom, vigor and direction of the subject's imagination" (Murray, 1935, p.5).
Margaret Mead,
cultural anthropologist
1. New populations/disorders
2. Varying the results
3. TAT adaptations
4. Framework for new tests: RAT
Modern photographic update to TAT cards: Narron (2005)
1. Direct card comment
2. Old content responses
3. New content responses
4. Word count
Each class member will receive one card. Every other student will be given 5 minutes to tell a story to the person sitting to the left. Then the dyad will switch places (10 min total).
Positive/negative music effects: Carlton and MacDonald (2003)
Adults w/ Autism Spectrum Disorder: Eurelings-Bontekoe et. al (2011)
Needs & Drives
Abasement (Avg. 16, R. 6-27): “submitting to coercion or restraint in order to avoid blame, punishment, or death; to suffer a disagreeable press (insult, injury, defeat) without opposition; to confess, apologize, promise to do better, atone, reform; to resign himself passively to scarcely bearable conditions; masochism” (TAT Manual, 1943, p. 11)
Achievement; Aggression (Emotional/Verbal; Physical, Social; Physical, Asocial); Dominance; Intragression; Nurturance; Passivity; Sex; Succorance; Intranurturance; Acquisition; Affiliation; Autonomy; Blamavoidance; Cognizance; Creation; Deference; Excitance; Exposition; Harmavoidance; “and so forth.”
Inner States & Emotions
Conflict; Emotional Change; Dejection; Anxiety; Exaltation; Distrust; Jealousy
Environmental Forces
Affiliation (Associative, Emotional); Aggression (Emotional and Verbal; Physical, Social; Physical, Asocial; Destruction of Property); Dominance (Coercion; Restraint; Inducement, Seduction); Nurturance; Rejection; Lack, Loss; Physical Danger (Active; Insupport); Physical Injury
So...
“Stories from a sane adult averaging less than 140 words per story usually indicate lack of rapport and cooperation, lack of self-involvement. As a rule they are not worth scoring” (TAT Manual, 1943, p. 11).
Average Length Factor Average Length Factor
Under 140 words 1.9 196-215 1.3
140-146 1.8 216-242 1.2
147-155 1.7 243-276 1.1
156-166 1.6 277-329 1.0
167-179 1.5 330-400 0.9
180-195 1.4 Over 400 words 0.8
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