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FONTS
•In the long term it was the greatest of the reforms of the ministry ( says Duncan Watts in ‘Whigs, Radicals and Liberals’ )
•Caused Nonconformist support to be withdrawn from any Liberal by-election candidate who failed to pledge to amend the Act further.
•This resulted in huge Liberal losses at the next Bi-Election which helped bring down this Liberal government.
• Move away from laissez faire in government social legislation.
•In six years 1,600 schools were built.
•It created what became known as a ‘Dual System’ whereby education was either provided by church ‘voluntary’ schools’ or board schools.
•In 1858 Royal Commission under Duke of Newcastle found that only 2/5 of children aged 6-10 attended schools, those who did- left at age of 10 along with lack of schools in Britain.
•Reform Act 1867- Robert Lowe's quote:'' I believe it will be absolutely necessary to compel our future masters to learn their letters''.
•Foster believed England was falling behind other industrial countries due to the uneducated working class.
•The National Education League (led by Nonconformists and Joseph Chamberlain) led the campaign for free,compulsory and non-religious education in State schools.
•The Anglican National Education League led the campaign for free, compulsory and religious education.
•The country was divided into school districts.
•School Boards: local committees of 5-13 members elected, who would manage the new schools to be built where needed.
•School Boards to levy rates to meet part of the cost of Board Schools( set up for elementary education for pupils aged 5-12)( i. e. to pay the fees of poor children)
•Existing voluntary schools to receive increased grants
•Only simple Bible study in Board Schools.
Voluntary schools were free to have deep religious study .
•Under The Cowper-Temple clause parents could choose which school their child can attend based on the their religion.
•National Education League believed that that the Act gave the Anglican Nation society too much power and support and did not like the religious aspect of the act.
•Nonconformists felt allowing Voluntary schools to focus on one religion threatened religious equality.
•Anglican League wanted more specific religious education.
•Completely satisfied only few people , even though Cowper- Temple amendment tried to compromise.