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Works Cited

https://mescaleroapachetribe.com/our-culture/

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/apache-tribe

http://indians.org/articles/apache-indians.html

http://www.ducksters.com/history/native_american_apache.php

http://nptao.arizona.edu/sites/nptao/files/

white_mountain_apache_2016_community_profile.pdf

https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/apache-tribe.htm

http://www.everyculture.com/multi/A-Br/Apaches.html

https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/comanche-tribe.htm

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/comanche-timeline

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Indians_Today/

Current_problems

http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/374-indigenous-chihuahua-a-story-of-war-and-assimilation

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/hns/scalpin/oldfolks.html

Who are the Comanche?

The Comanche are a Native American tribe from the Great Plains, located mainly in Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and California. They fiercely fought against enemy tribes and resisted white encroachment of the Great Plains. Famous chiefs were Chief El Sordo, Chief Buffalo Hump, Quanah Parker and Chief White Eagle.

Where are they now?

  • All of the Comanche Natives left are located in Oklahoma, Texas and California.
  • The job conditions on the reservations are terrible
  • Due to chemicals being prohibited from farming on the res, it is hard to make a living off of the land.
  • Almost 20% of the remaining Comanche Natives did not graduate high school, and suffer greatly from teen pregnancies, child mortality, suicide and a high rate of high school dropouts.

Their common weapons included primarily bows and arrows as well as jaw bone clubs, spears and knives.

Their name is derived from an Indian word meaning “anyone who wants to fight me all the time.”

Their religion was based on Animism, Manitou was their Great Spirit.

They were Nomadic.

They spoke many languages, including English, and their tribal language was Nʉmʉnʉʉ (The People)

Background information!

Plain Natives

Comanche and Apache Tribes

The Plains Natives were any Native tribes generally between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They relied mainly on buffalo for food and clothing. The largest tribe is the Sioux.

January 1st 1500: The Comanches started off as a Shoshone linguistic group who had moved to the Buffalo Plains also known as the Great Plains.

Violent encounters with the Apache

August 16th 1680: The Pueblo Revolt was when the Pueblo tribe revolted against the spanish colonists. It was because of the Pueblo revolt that the plains indians managed to obtain horses as transportation and a main tool for everyday like in the Comanche culture.

May 14th 1719: The Comanches raided spanish forts in present day New Mexico for horses. They were successful.

March 7th 1746: The Comanches raided the Pecos Tribe and kept control of the land for 40 years.

1781: Smallpox decimates both Wichita and Comanche Tribes, many people die.

January 2nd 1854: Texas Congress provides 23,000 acres and establishes three indian reservations on the upper Brazos River for the Texas tribes, Caddo, Cherokee, Delaware, Shawnee, Wichita, Tonkawa, and the comanches.

Who are the Apache?

Timeline of the Comanche

November 25th 1864: The Battle of the Adobe Plains was a battle when the native americans went against the US army. The tribes were the Comanche, Kiowa, and kiowa apaches

June 27th 1874: The second battle of the Adobe Plains happened when the native americans which were the tribes of the cheyenne, comanche, an kiowas, went against 24 US bison hunters.

The Comanche Wars began in 1706 with attacks against New Spain. The Comache also had a lot of conflicts with the Apache over land rights in Texas and Arizona, which the Comanche eventually won and took the land. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo addressed the issue of Comanche raids on the Southern Plains but never solved the issue.

February 17th 1879: Almost all the bison died in the buffalo pains. This greatly affected the Comanches because almost all of their culture was based on buffalo.

Encounters with Comanche

The Apache were first encountered but the Spanish Conquistadors, which is were the word apache comes from. There are six tribes that make up the Apache: the Chiricahua, Jicarillo, Lipan, Mescalero, Western, and Kiowa. They were one of the first tribes to domesticate horses, and grew watermelon, beans and corn in the plains. They were semi nomadic, and would move after the growing seasons were done.

Encounters With the Apache

September 4 1886: Geronimo Surrenders (Apache leader Geronimo surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles)

The first interaction with Apache Native Americans and the Spanish was in 1541 near the Texas Panhandle, and engaged in friendly trading until the 17th century, where violence would ensue until peace was made in 1790. This peace lasted until Mexico separated from Spain in 1821, when they started to cut off rations and attempted to starve the Apache. Mexico officially declared war on the tribe, and began to offer compensation for Apache scalps. The conflicts between the Apache and Mexicans started to die down after the surrender of Geronimo, though smaller encounters with the United States continues to occur until 1924.

November 3 1883: Apache Dependent Aliens (U.S Supreme Court declared American Indians to be dependent)

Timeline of Apache

January 1 1846: US defeated Mexico (The Apaches signed a treaty with Mexico. White settlers started to enter their area in large quantities which leads to the Apache Wars.)

January 23 1730: Spanish were tired of battling (A Spanish leader gave the Apaches a designated area in Texas and he believed it was easier to give them the land rather than to continue the bloody wars.)

There are currently multiple federally-recognized tribal governments in Oklahoma, Arizona and New Mexico. The two biggest reservations are San Carlos, 1.9 million acres and Fort Apache, 1.7 million acres. By 1980, over 80% of the Apache population spoke only English. 44% of the population lives in poverty, and more than 65% of the population works for the government. The total median income of a household in $26,172.

Where are They Now?

January 1st 1600: Migration of the Apache Indians (Many Apache indians moved to the Kansas plains but the living conditions were not adaptable. The Comanche actually overtook them and seized their land, which resulted in the Apaches migrating to New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Mexico)

January 1st 1541: Francisco Vasquez de Coronado meets the Apache Indians (Coronado called the tribe Querechos. At that time period, they lived in large settlements)

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