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In Iran and Guatemala, the leaders were trying to make deals with the Soviets. We helped pro-American leaders in these countries to regain power and even armed and trained some of them in secret camps so they could fight off the Communist influences.
Stalin dies in 1953. In 1956, Khrushchev became their leader.
Many in the satalite countries, such as in Hungary, began to riot and try to rise up against the Soviet rule.
Their uprising was crushed when Soviet tanks rolled into their capital to remind them who was boss...
He was convinced that the key to victory was not simply military might, but also a strong economy. We needed to show the world that a free enterprise system could produce a better society than communism.
What exhausts a government budget?
Maintaining a large and expensive army does.
What could we do instead?
MORE
BIG
BOMBS!
This is where the idea of massive retaliation comes in...
Covert operations are hidden. They are conducted by the CIA. We focused on developing nations, those with poor, agricultural economies who were blaming European imperialism and American capitalism for their problems and looking to the Soviet Union as a model of how to industrialize.
Sputnik is launched by the Soviets. In 1957, we see this as a huge defeat.
NASA is formed in 1958 to start developing a space program for the United States.
The launching of Sputnik is a turning point in history and the beginning of a new era--the use of satellites. What are some things we use satellites for today?
Television, radio, cell phones, airplane tracking, radio, spying...
Can you imagine life without satellites? Prior to 1957, nobody imagined life WITH them!
A policy of threatening a massive response, including the use of nuclear weapons, against a Communist state trying to seize a peaceful state by force
First in Taiwan...the Chinese Communists that had taken power in the mainland tried to seize the islands of Taiwan back in the fall of 1954.
To Sum Up Almost Everything You Need to Know....
Who's policy, before this, is VERY DIFFERENT from this idea? What was his preference when it came to fighting Communists?
President Truman. Remember, he wanted a "Limited War" and that is why MacArthur was fired. MacArthur would have LOVED Eisenhower I think.
A Crisis in the Middle East arose in 1956. It is the crisis of the Suez Canal.
Whathadhappenedwas...We were gonna help Egypt build a dam but then they bought weapons from a Communist Czechoslovakia so we didn't but then they seized control of the canal that belonged to France so the British and French invaded Egypt and then the Soviets threatened Britain and France...So then we threatened the Soviets. NUCLEAR FORCES WERE ON HIGH ALERT AND READY TO GO!
What happened next?
The British and French called off their invasion under pressure from the United States. The Soviet Union won a major diplomatic victory by supporting Egypt. And other Arab nations starting accepting aid from the Soviets.
"We will bury capitalism...Your grandchildren will live under communism..." He accused us of starting a "feverish arms race."
The practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the limit to force an opponent to back down.
Why does this seem like a dangerous plan?
What do you do if some other country calls your bluff in this?
His exact words were...
We were supposed to talk about the trust thing...you know...I don't have anything to hide...just TRUUSSSTTT me! But then the USSR shoots down an American spy plane. We said it was a weather plane. But surprise...the pilot lived and we had to admit we were spying on them. Needless to say, that meeting ended before it began...
He demanded that we leave West Berlin. Eisenhower threatens to use military force. (Brinkmanship)
Eisenhower and Khrushchev agree to meet in Paris, to talk...