born a slave
foremost black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
developed Tuskegee INstitute for black students in 1881
convinced white donors (Carnegie, Rockefeller, etc.) that Tuskegee would keep blacks "down on the farm"
urged fellow blacks to stop efforts to gain civil rights and political power and improve their laboring skills
Wanted African Americans to remain in the Jim Crow South and tolerate racial discrimination- become stable and dependable
popular autobiography UP FROM SLAVERY
TR supported him- consulted him on advise with racial issues
believed racial uplift would come with time
“No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.”
- Washington
“Dignify and glorify common labor. It is at the bottom of life that we must begin, not at the top.”
-Washington
W. E. B. Du Bouis 1868- 1963
born and raised in Massachusetts
published THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK- claimed that Washinton's ideas kept black people down rather than freed them
black leaders split; "conservative" supporters of Washington and "radical" critics
Niagra Movement
-founded in 1905
-advocating civil rights for blacks
-led to creation of NAACP
fought against demand that black education be industrial and that black students in the South except white supremacy
emphasized the need for higher education to develope leadership
joined the Communist Party in 1961 (at 93 years old) and moved to Ghana, renounced his American Citizenship
"It seems to me," said Booker T.,
"It shows a mighty lot of cheek
To study chemistry and Greek
When Mister Charlie needs a hand
To hoe the cotton on his land,
And when Miss Ann looks for a cook,
Why stick your nose inside a book?"
"I don't agree," said W.E.B.
"If I should have the drive to seek
Knowledge of chemistry or Greek,
I'll do it. Charles and Miss can look
Another place for hand or cook,
Some men rejoice in skill of hand,
And some in cultivating land,
But there are others who maintain
The right to cultivate the brain."
"It seems to me," said Booker T.,
"That all you folks have missed the boat
Who shout about the right to vote,
And spend vain days and sleepless nights
In uproar over civil rights.
Just keep your mouths shut, do not grouse,
But work, and save, and buy a house."
"I don't agree," said W.E.B.
"For what can property avail
If dignity and justice fail?
Unless you help to make the laws,
They'll steal your house with trumped-up clause.
A rope's as tight, a fire as hot,
No matter how much cash you've got.
Speak soft, and try your little plan But as for me, I'll be a man."
"It seems to me," said Booker T.--
"I don't agree,"
Said W.E.B.
Jamaican publisher, journalist and entrepreneur
founded Universal Negro IMprovement Association (UNIA) in 1914
wanted to create a black-governed Africa
came to the U.S to form branches of UNIA in Harlem
huge supporter of Pan-Africanism
unify people of African heritage
and Black Nationalism
African independence from European society
segregation- argued that blacks should go back to Africa
Campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow
recruited people willing to go to Africa and "Clear out the white invaders"
formed the Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company (1919)- took group of African Americans to Africa
arrested and charged with fraud in 1925
"Europe for the Europeans, and Asia for the Asiatics and Africa for the Africans at home and abroad." -Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey: Amerian Experience
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/sfeature/sf_words_pop.html
Booker T. Washington 1856-1915
Marcus Garvey 1887-1940 BACK-TO-AFRICA