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born a slave

foremost black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries

developed Tuskegee INstitute for black students in 1881

convinced white donors (Carnegie, Rockefeller, etc.) that Tuskegee would keep blacks "down on the farm"

urged fellow blacks to stop efforts to gain civil rights and political power and improve their laboring skills

Wanted African Americans to remain in the Jim Crow South and tolerate racial discrimination- become stable and dependable

popular autobiography UP FROM SLAVERY

TR supported him- consulted him on advise with racial issues

believed racial uplift would come with time

“No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.”

- Washington

“Dignify and glorify common labor. It is at the bottom of life that we must begin, not at the top.”

-Washington

W. E. B. Du Bouis 1868- 1963

born and raised in Massachusetts

published THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK- claimed that Washinton's ideas kept black people down rather than freed them

black leaders split; "conservative" supporters of Washington and "radical" critics

Niagra Movement

-founded in 1905

-advocating civil rights for blacks

-led to creation of NAACP

fought against demand that black education be industrial and that black students in the South except white supremacy

emphasized the need for higher education to develope leadership

joined the Communist Party in 1961 (at 93 years old) and moved to Ghana, renounced his American Citizenship

"It seems to me," said Booker T.,

"It shows a mighty lot of cheek

To study chemistry and Greek

When Mister Charlie needs a hand

To hoe the cotton on his land,

And when Miss Ann looks for a cook,

Why stick your nose inside a book?"

"I don't agree," said W.E.B.

"If I should have the drive to seek

Knowledge of chemistry or Greek,

I'll do it. Charles and Miss can look

Another place for hand or cook,

Some men rejoice in skill of hand,

And some in cultivating land,

But there are others who maintain

The right to cultivate the brain."

"It seems to me," said Booker T.,

"That all you folks have missed the boat

Who shout about the right to vote,

And spend vain days and sleepless nights

In uproar over civil rights.

Just keep your mouths shut, do not grouse,

But work, and save, and buy a house."

"I don't agree," said W.E.B.

"For what can property avail

If dignity and justice fail?

Unless you help to make the laws,

They'll steal your house with trumped-up clause.

A rope's as tight, a fire as hot,

No matter how much cash you've got.

Speak soft, and try your little plan But as for me, I'll be a man."

"It seems to me," said Booker T.--

"I don't agree,"

Said W.E.B.

Jamaican publisher, journalist and entrepreneur

founded Universal Negro IMprovement Association (UNIA) in 1914

wanted to create a black-governed Africa

came to the U.S to form branches of UNIA in Harlem

huge supporter of Pan-Africanism

unify people of African heritage

and Black Nationalism

African independence from European society

segregation- argued that blacks should go back to Africa

Campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow

recruited people willing to go to Africa and "Clear out the white invaders"

formed the Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company (1919)- took group of African Americans to Africa

arrested and charged with fraud in 1925

"Europe for the Europeans, and Asia for the Asiatics and Africa for the Africans at home and abroad." -Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey: Amerian Experience

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/sfeature/sf_words_pop.html

Booker T. Washington 1856-1915

Marcus Garvey 1887-1940 BACK-TO-AFRICA

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