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Modernizers tried to perfect the North while people in the south tried to stick to tradition. Southerners were slow to start supporting public education and humanitarian reforms and they were shocked to see the north join the antislavery movement.
Southerners viewed social reform as a conspiracy by the northerners to go against southern tradition and way of life.
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the role of men and women were redefined. Birth control helped women have less children to devote themselves to religious and moral organizations. The New York Female Reform Society work to prevent young women into going into prostitution.
Society will always continue to reform to try to make life better and life will continue to constantly change with new or old ideas.
The new definition of men and women's role were established in urban areas. People who viewed gender roles had the belief that men were in charge of political and economic affairs while the women were in charge of the care of the home and children. The view of women as moral leaders in the home and educators of children was called the cult of domesticity.
Many Americans in the 1840's became interested in the ideas of
Charles Fourier. Fourier stated that everyone should share work and housing in communities called Fourier Phalanxes, but Americans were too individualistic to adapt to this type of living arrangement.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson was the best known transcendentalist and one of the most popular American lecturers of the 19th century. One of his main ideas were to not copy Europe's culture but to create an entirely original American Culture.
Henry David Thoreau conducted a two year experiment by living by himself in the woods where he used observations to discover truths about the universe. He believed in nonviolent civil disobedience and his actions would influence Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr in the future.
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Fredrick Douglas used both political and direct action to end slavery and radical prejudice and he started an antislavery journal called The North Star. Douglas and other black leaders, such as Harriet Tubman, helped slaves escape to free territory, like Canada, where slavery was prohibited.
The newspaper, The Liberator, was created by William Lloyd Garrison, and he wanted immediate abolition of slavery in every state without owner compensation. Garrison and others founded the American Antislavery Society which Condemned and burned the Constitution as a pro slavery document.
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Religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening also inspired the growth of private colleges. So, in 1830 many Protestant denominations founded small denominational colleges. Some colleges even began to admit women and lyceum lecture societies furthered adult education even more.
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A highly controversial community was created by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848. The utopia members shared property for economic equality and the community prospered economically by the selling and producing of excellent quality silverware.
-The American Peace Society was formed in 1828 with the goal of abolishing war
-Dietary reforms were formed to promote good digestion
-Dress reforms for women were created so women could wear pantalettes instead of long skirts
-Many other reforms were created
Mormonism was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. They have a book called The Book of Mormon,and it's a book connecting the Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israel.
Smith was killed by a mob so the church members followed Brigham Young to Salt Lake to build up a new Religious Community that they called "The New Zion."
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Alcohol became highly targeted as the main cause of social ils. The temperance movement was a good example of the shift from moral exhortation to political action. The American Temperance Society was created with those who were concerned with the high consumption rate and the effects of it and they tried to persuade people to pledge to abstinence. More than one million members joined a temperance society by the 1840's. Irish and German immigrants highly opposed but didn't have the political power to do something about it. The temperance movement soon gained national success with the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919.
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During the Antebellum Era, reform went through several stages in which leaders of reform used persuasion, sermons, pamphlets, and political action to improve people's behavior.
-"Get of the Track"
-1844
-Hutchinson Family
-Usually sang about Abolition or Temperance
Most of the religious enthusiasm was based of of the belief of Christ's second coming. man named William Miller gained thousands of followers by predicting a specific date of the second coming of Oct. 21,1844. Disappointment occurred for obvious reasons but the Millerites continued as a new religion known as the "Seventh-Day Adventists"
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The shakers was one of the first religious communal movements. They tried to keep men and women completely separated to forbid marriage and relations and this lead it to eventually die out from the lack of supporters.
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Educational reformers wanted children to be instructed in principles of mortality.
William Holmes McGuffey created a great deal of widely accepted elementary textbooks that became the basis of reading and moral instruction, and the children who read these books, glorified the virtues of hard works, punctuality, and sobriety.
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Humanitarian reformers of the 1820's and 1830's realized that there were an increasing number of criminals, paupers, and emotionally disturbed persons who were forced to live in horrible conditions or abused by caretakers. So as a result, prisons, mental hospitals, and poor houses were created and funded by the state.
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A Presbyterian minister named Charles G. Fine began a series of revivals in New York in 1832. Fine persuaded thousands of people to publicly declare their new faith. His main preachings of salvation comes with faith and hard work rose in the middle class.
Reformers of the Age of Jackson expressed themselves through painting, architecture, and literature.
Baptists and Methodists were located mainly in the South and Western frontier. Their preachers would travel from one place to another constantly in order to preach. They became one of the largest protestant denominations in the entire country in 1850.
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Women reformers didn't like it when men directed them to secondary roles. Sarah and Angelina Grimke objected to male opposition in their own antislavery activities. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton campaigned for women's rights after they were not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.
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A protestant minister named, George Ripley, launched a communal experiment named Brook Farm. The goal was to reach "a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor." A bad fire ended the experiment but Brook Farm is remembered for its atmosphere of artistic creativity and school that drew New England to its intellectual side.
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There was a need to institute a free public school system for all children because the middle class encouraged this reform in fear of more and more people being uneducated and poor in the future.
In the 1830's, paintings portraying the everyday life of people became very popular. George Caleb Bingham and others, painted people in many settings doing things such as people voting on election day or riding riverboats. Hudson River School was known for expressing the romantic age's fascination of the natural world.
Some writers helped create a literature that was unmistakably American. After the war of 1812, American people became nationalistic and read books written by American Witters about American topics, such as, The Scarlet Letter, Moby-Dick, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc.
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The leading Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York 1848. This was the first women's rights convention ever in American History. "Declaration of Sentiments" was written and declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed things that discriminated women. In the 1850's, the issue over women's rights was overshadowed over the issue of slavery.
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Religious Rivalries occurred as a reaction to the popular belief of rationalism (the belief in human reason). Many educated people, such as Timothy Dwight, sparked the Second Great Awakening. The uneducated during this time were also offered the equal opportunity for salvation along with the educated preachers
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A group of Northerners formed the Liberty party in 1840 with James Birney as their candidate for President in 1840 and 1844. Their main goal was to abolish slavery by political and legal means because they believed that political action was a more practical route.
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A non-religious experiment was conducted by Robert Owen in New Harmony, Indiana. He wanted his utopian society to answer the problems of inequity and alienation that were formed by the industrial revolution. Finances and problems among members caused the project to fail.
American architects used Greek styles to magnify the democratic spirit of the republic, and columned facades from ancient Greek temples were used for entryways to banks, hotels, fancy homes, etc.
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The idea of creating a Utopia became a very popular idea in the 19th century.Brooks farm and the early Mormons were looked at as one of these experiments. Many of the experiments were short lived and considers "backwards utopias." These experiments helped show all the diversity of the reform ideas occurring at the time.
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David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet were norther blacks that proceeded with the most radical solution to slavery. They said that slaves should rise up against their own masters which led to Nat Turner, a slave, led a revolt which ended up killing 55 whites. Whites ended up killing hundreds of blacks to die down thee revolt. After the revolt occurred, antislavery talk in the south ended in fear of future uprisings.
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Dorothea Dix was a school teacher that was shocked to find out that mentally ill people were also locked up with convicted criminals, so she worked to improve conditions for the mentally ill. She helped convinced many states to build new/improve old mental hospitals. As a result , mentally ill persons received professional help that the state funded.
1. “He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”
2.“He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no
voice.”
3.“He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education - all colleges
being closed against her.”
Primary Source #1:
Dorothea Dix's Plead for a State Funded Mental Hospital
1."... this does not justify the public in any State or community, under any circumstances or conditions, in committing the insane to prisons..."
2."...in a majority of cases the rich may be, or are sent to Hospitals..."
3."Are there no pitying hearts, and open hands that can be moved by these miseries?"
Many writers at the time questioned church doctrines and the habits of the middle class. These writers argued for a mystical/intuitive way to discover ones inner self and also to look for the essence of God in nature. They also liked to challenge the materialism of American Society. To them, artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth.
Their idea was to transport freed slaves to an African colony. Many whites with racist attitudes sided with removing/banishing all free blacks from the United States,
so the society established an African American settlement in Monrovia, Liberia in 1822.
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Thomas Gallaudet founded a school for the deaf while Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe founded a school for the blind.
soon after, many other schools in the 1850's modeled these efforts.
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Penitentiaries were built for prisoners to reflect on the sins they committed and to repent in solitary confinement, but the project was dropped due to the high rate of suicides. Structure and discipline soon brought moral reform.
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Horace Mann was the leading supporter of the common school movement and he improved schools by increasing teacher preparation, increasing student attendance, and making the school year longer. This movement quickly spread to other states.
In the 19th century, Europe faced a romantic movement where art and literature were a main focus. In the United States from 1820-1860, those same themes were expressed best by a small group of New England Writers and Reformers named the Transcendentalists.
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Opponents of this movement ranged from those who wanted to slowly abolish slavery or those who wanted immediate abolition without owner compensation in mind. The Second Great Awakening helped convince northerners that slavery was a sin which promoted radical abolitionism.
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