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"The Americans should be ashamed of themselves, letting Negroes win their medals for them. I shall not shake hands with this Negro.....Do you really think that I will allow myself to be photographed shaking hands with a Negro".

HOMEWORK

3/03/17

Choose one Olympic sport and Paralympic sport and research how each of the main values are exemplified.

Global Sporting Events

Hosting Global Sporting Events

Social impacts

Sporting impacts

HOSTING GLOBAL SPORTING EVENTS

Positives

The impacts of hosting a global sporting event on the host country or city include........

Positives

Many cities and countries bid to host global sporting events. This can often be a expensive and protracted process.

  • Sporting impacts
  • Raises the profile of sport and may lead to more people participating. (Following London 2012, there are more people participating in cycling.
  • New or upgraded sporting venues are built. (E.g. Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome built for the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in 2014 (offers facilities for beginners and elite riders).
  • Give more focus to minority sports which may inspire people (e.g. more disabled participants after the Paralympics).
  • Increase in funding for sports involved. When England hosted the Rugby World Cup in 2015 they received an increase in lottery funding and facilities, such as the training facility at Pennyhill Park.
  • National role models are promoted and developed.

• More money is brought into the city or country which can be used for the local population and to improve public services.

• Can give pride to the host nation or city. Can be used for “Nation building”.

• There may be improved sporting facilities for local communities.

• Result in improved transport systems.

• Accommodation and other facilities built for the event can be used by the local community. (For example the Olympic Village built for London 2012 has been used for housing.

  • Social impacts

Nevertheless, the attraction to hosting global sporting events is very attractive.

  • Economic Impacts

Negatives

  • Political Impacts

• Some areas of the country may not get the same facility benefits as host city. For example many of the facilities built for the Rio Olympic games are based near to or in Rio de Janeiro.

• Some areas of the host country do not benefit from the improvements in infrastructure and transport systems.

• Local inhabitants may have to vacate land being used for the sporting venues. For example those living in parts of the area of the London Olympic site had to be re-housed.

• The current trend is that there is a general decline in number of people participating therefore participation levels not sustainable. (General bursts in participation when London declared the winner and during the Games.

• Facilities used for the event end up not being used after the event. Future use of facilities not always planned for. E.g. Barcelona Olympics 1992 (famous diving venue left idle and unused).

• Lesser known non-global sporting events can suffer. Some sports receive more funding than others. For example sports such as squash attracts little funding and therefore participation levels drop.

• Sport deviance can he highlighted via media at global sporting events- for example, football hooliganism at the Brazil World Cup in 2014 where Argentina fans clashed with locals.

Why do you think this is?

Understanding the Specification

Econmic impacts

Political Impacts

Positives

• Increased income to the host country by those that participate and spectate.

• More jobs are created through the building of facilities, transport and infrastructure and support jobs.

• There is an increase in tourism and economic benefits during the event e.g. extra tourism generated £2 billion at London 2012.

• Commercial benefits related to goods sold in the area of the event and also in the sale of event-related goods.

  • Individuals, political parties and their leaders can gain credit and therefore more votes if a country succeeds.
  • Staging a global sporting event can bring unity to a country and sense of purpose with political differences put aside.
  • The country or city can use the event as a “shop window” for their culture and commerce and therefore raise the country’s status in the eyes of the world which can attract more investment and trade.
  • Creates national pride and unity.
  • May attract more investment and trade if successful.

Negatives

  • By the end of this chaper you should know about the background and aims of the Modern Olympic Games as well as the political exploitation of the Olympic Games, including;

• Bidding to host a global sporting event can be very expensive. (E.g. England's failed World Cup 2018 cost around £21 million).

• The event can cost more than it rises in revenue. E.g. the Montreal Olympic Games in 1976 cost over £2billion and put the city in debt for over 30 years.

• Many jobs created for global sporting events are temporary and dry up after the event.

• If participants are linked to failure then sponsors can be negatively affected and merchandising and advertising can fall below expected levels.

• If the cost of the event is too high or it goes over budget, then this can become a political disadvantage.

• If something goes wrong, for example a terrorist attack or any lapse in security then politicians will have to shoulder some responsibility.

• If the host nation does poorly this can reflect badly on the ruling political party. (E.g. Hitler and Jesse Owens).

• Negative environment impacts e.g. traffic congestion can reflect badly.

• If the legacy of the event is perceived to be negative then this can be politically damaging.

• Protests by athletes and spectators can be politically embarrassing e.g. black power demonstration in 1968.

The Olympics & Paralympics

  • Berlin 1936- Third Reich Idelogy
  • Mexico City 1968- "Black Power demonstration"

You should also understand about the positive and negative impacts on the host country of hosting a global sporting event (Such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup)

  • Munich 1972- Palestinian terrorism"

This will include;

  • Moscow 1980- Boycott led by the USA.
  • Sporting Impacts
  • Social Impacts
  • Economic Impacts
  • Political Impacts

The interlinked rings symbolise the five continents.

The Paralympics

  • Los Angeles 1984- Boycott by the Soviet Union

The Paralympic games orginated as a sports competition for second world war veterans with serious back injuries in Stoke Mandeville in the UK.

The first official Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability were held organised in Rome 1960.

The five rings on the background make up the Olympic flag and symbol are used around the world.

The Paralympic Values

It was flown for the first time at the 1920 Antwerp Games.

  • Determination
  • Courage

The six colours, including the white background were chosen because they are found in all the flags of the world.

  • Equality
  • Inspiration

The Modern Olympic Games

Political exploitation of the Olympic Games

Olympic Values

The Olympic Values are central to the Olympic Movement. They are often used by Teachers and Coaches to remind athletes of the wider aspects of sport, other than to play to win.

INSPIRATION

1. Encourage Effort

2. Preserve Human Dignity

3. Develop harmony

EXCELLENCE

THE OLYMPIC VALUES

RESPECT

The US President at the time Jimmy Carter

DETERMINATION

"The United States will boycott the Olympic Games if Soviet Union troops did not withdraw within one month"

Britain's priminister at the time Margaret Thatcher

"one way to bring home to the Russian people the enormity of what has happened..is to boycott the Olympic Games".

In the 200m final, Smith won the gold medal and Carlos took the bronze.

BLACK POWER DEMONSTRATION

MEXICO CITY 1968 'BLACK POWER' DEMONSTRATION

(Archway) that their

raised arms created was meant to represent black power and unity in America.

(Right Hand)

meant to represent

black power in America

Smith's time of 19.8 seconds equalled the world record.

At the time of the 1968 Games, black Americans also lacked equality and opportunity. Many were forced to live in segregated areas of society and in extreme poverty.

The Olympic Games were held in Mexico City in 1968.

As both men climbed the medals podium it became clear they were wearing one black glove.

(Left Hand)

meant to represent unity in black America

Therefore, two African- Americans used the games to protest to the world.

South Africa's invitation was withdrawn because of other countries threatening to boycott the games because of South Africa's apartheid regime.

The gesture they made was called the 'black power' and was watched by millions of people around the world.

During the medal ceremony for the 200

metres, accomplished sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos did this..........

(No Shoes) The black socks that both wore represented black povery in America.

Why do you think both athletes were told to leave the Games after this?

Over 2,000 mexicans were killed by the mexican military, with many more injured during the Mexico Games, during a demonstration against the use of public money on the Games-something that many people found hard to understand when there was widespread poverty throughout the country.

Lucinda Green

Duncan Goodhew

"I don't regret what we did and that's a big thing to say as you don't get too many shots at the Olympics"

Sharron Davies

"It seemed like a bad idea to me to stop talking sport because sport was one of the few things we could talk about"

"I genuinely felt that by

being there, our voice was alot lounder than if we didn't go."

CHALLENGE

Olympics held build bridges between nations

Participants should boycott

as they have a duty to stand up for freedom and fairness.

Athletes don't get too many shots at the Olympics

Boycott against countries that don't share the same values

MOSCOW 1980- boycott led by the usa

Participating in the games would show that Britain doesn't care.

In 1980, Moscow, in what was then known as the Soviet Union, hosted the Olympic Games.

Imagine you were a British Athlete invited to the Olympic Games. Create arguments for and against a Boycott

In 1979 the Soviet Union forces had just invaded Afghanistan, which created conflict that would last up to 10 years extending the cold war.

There were many protests in Britain against the Boycott and those in favour of it.

This sparked a debate between the relationship between sport and politics.

The British hockey, fencing and equestrian teams all chose to boycott the Moscow Olympics, whereas other teams chose to attend.

In total, almost 6,000 competitors from 81 countries competed, compared to the 10,000 expected.

1968

FRIENDSHIP

COURAGE

198

1980

EQUALITY

(Use pages 253 to 254 to see what each value stands for)

1936

Background

1984

The aims of the Olympic Games

The original Ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia Greece in eigth Century BC and to the forth century AD, these inspired the modern Olympics.

1972

berlin 1936- third reich ideology

The modern Olympic Games were established in 1896 by Baron Pierre De Coubertin.

  • To promote the values of the development of those physical and moral qualities that are the basis of sport

extend your knowledge

los angeles 1984

LOS ANGELES 1984 - BOYCOTT OF THE SOVIET UNION

The soviet Union authorities blamed the commercialisation of the Games and lack of security measures, which in their view amounted to the violation of the Olympic Charter.

In total, 14 nations refused to take part in the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles in response to the events of 1980.

Los Angeles 1984 was the first Olympic Games in which female runners were permitted to compete in the marathon and the first games to be funded exclusively through private means.

After the terrorist attack in 1972 and the financial disaster of 1976 in Montreal, only Los Angeles (USA) bid for the right to host the 1984 Games.

The Soviet Union accused the United States for using the Olympic Games for 'political purposes'.

Describe being tarnished by terrorism and drug cheats, the Olympic Games are still and attractive proposition for host City and the country.

They accused the United States of having a Anti-Soviet Propaganda and having a cavalier attitude towards security of Russian Athletes.

Twelve weeks before the opening ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary & Cuba announced they would be boycotting them.

Many commentators at the time saw this boycott as a 'tit-for tat' response to the USA boycotting the Moscow Olympics 1980.

This therefore meant that this was the first games to make a significant profit.

These games were marketed and produced primarily as a vehicle for mass televised entertainment.

BERLIN 1936- THIRD REICH IDEOLOGY

Key facts about the 1936 Games

KEY Facts about the 1936 games

berlin 1936

The Olympic Games have often been used as a"political football" or to make political points.

THIRD REICH IDEOLOGY

  • The Olympic stadium held 100,000 spectators.

There was also controversy in basketball

The terrorist group were known as the 'Black September group'.

  • The Nazi Germany team had trained for the Olympics full time.

The IOC made the controversial decision that the games should go on.

  • The anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) posters were removed prior to the Games starting to avoid controversy.

The IOC has aimed to separate sport from politics, but many countries will try to use the olympics to make political statements.

In 1972, the Olympic Games were held in Munich Germany. A day before the games began, eight Palestinian terrorists entered the Olympic Village.

  • Germany had an athletic superstar at the time, Lutz Lang, a top class long jumper, model image for Ayran racial superiority.

He visited Britain in the nineteenth century and liked the features of amateur sport.

  • Racially inferior Jesse Owens won four gold medals in 100m, 200m, long Jump & 4 x 100m relay, he broke 11 Olympic records.
  • However the most famous athlete in the world at the time was Jesse Owens and under Nazi Ideology was classed as "inferior".

The following day their was a memorial service for the victims and the Olympic flags were flown at half-mast.

SOVIET

UNION

USA

In many cases these political statements have often overshadowed the sporting achievements themselves.

  • Hitler refused to place the gold medal around Owen's neck.
  • To spread the Olympic Principles throughout the world, thereby creating international goodwill.

The Olympic games have often been used as a 'political football' or to make political points, mainly because of the extensive global publicity.

PROPAGANDA

a type of communication that seeks to influence people towards a certain cause and, in this case, a political philosophy. The information given as part of this communication is biased towards a certain belief or set of values.

Here are the examples you need to know;

Propaganda (Berlin 1936) - Used to promote the third Reich ideology.

Human Rights (Mexico 1968) - Used to raise awareness of discrimination (Black Power protest) against apartheid regime.

Terrorism (Munich 1972) - Used to generate media coverage of terrorism (Palestinian terrorists murder Israeli athletes).

Political protest (Moscow 1980) - USA led western boycott in protest of soviet union invasion of Afghanistan.

Hitler wanted the olympic games to show German supremacy and to showcase a Nazi Party.

Political protest (Los Angeles ) - Soviet Union led Eastern block boycott in protest of anti- soviet union propaganda and security concerns.

The olympic games in Berlin, Germany, in 1936, were used by Hitler and the Nazi party as a stage for political propaganda for the Third Reich and ideology that promoted Germany as a superior empire.

50

49

The terrorists seized 11 members of the Israel Olympic team.

The opening ceremony of the Olympic Games was posponed for one day.

All the hostages and five of the terrorists were killed, with three other terrorits wounded.

  • To bring together athletes of the world in the great four-yearly sports festival.

Athletes often view the Olympic Games as the pinnacle of their careers.

The philosophy of the modern Olympics was to;

  • To educate young people through sport in a spirit of better understanding between each other.
  • Bring countries together and to provide competition that he felt should be healthy.
  • Taking part being more important than winning philosophy.
  • The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was set up to enforce this.
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