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What is Dependency Theory?

  • Development theory that gained recognition in the 1960's and 1970's as a critique of modernization theory

American-Marxist Tradition

  • Two major schools of thought with many contributors:

Latin American Structuralist School

  • While the two schools differed on theoretical aspects both schools agree on the core concepts...

What is Community Development?

References

A set of development practices, ideas and values that focus on the individuals and communities as a whole

"Underdevelopment is not a condition: it is an active process of impoverishment linked to development."

(Joshi, 2005)

A country's ability to develop depends on the position that country occupies in the world capital system.

(Parpart, & Veltmeyer, 2011, p. 43)

Underdeveloped countries are NOT simply primitive versions of developed countries

The rout by which the Developed World developed may not necessarily be the best rout for developing countries

Why focus on the individual?

So how do these two concepts work together?

(Sumner, 2010)

between 2000 and 2010 twenty-seven countries moved up to the middle-income GDP threshold

However,

Easy, dependency theory just needs to adapt. Move from a macro systems theory to a micro systems theory

(Glennie, & Hassanaien, 2012)

"80% of the world's population live in countries where income differentials are widening"

The traditional market paradigm is limiting; a social economy paradigm needs to be adopted

(Fasenfest, Ciancanelli, & Reese, 1997, p. 9)

We are seeing RICH countries with POOR communities

References

If we understand and accept....

Inequality is still persistent in society

Community Development through Dependency Theory

And

Current top-down approaches are not meeting the needs of all communities

Then

Grassroots approaches that highlight community involvement are needed

International Migration

Inequalities noted through Dependency Theory

Development in Rural Communities

Inequalities noted through Dependency Theory

The migration-development-exploitation nexus impacts the inequalities of communities in both developing and developed countries

(Faist, 2008, pp. 21- 28)

how dependency theory can still be useful

Developed countries

Developing countries

  • Brain-drain
  • Segregation and discrimination
  • Remittance inequality
  • Conflicts of interest
  • Ghettos
  • Lower wages
  • Urban centres are dependent on rural natural resources, labour and capital
  • Rural areas are dependent on urban services and goods
  • Urban rural (patron-broker) relationship develops exploitative social class perspectives

What's being done?

What can be done?

The Lax Kw'alaams Example

  • Educate your population to be self-sufficient
  • Services offered through consular institutions
  • Cultural centres
  • Immigrant support services
  • Cultural awareness and integration programs
  • Village and hometown associations for remittances

(Faist, 2008, p. 28)

  • Enter the global market directly - skip the middle man

Carpentry program

(Matthews, & Young, 2005, pp.105-106)

Conclusion

Dependency theory has grown to become more than a simple economic development theory.

Community Programing

(Faist, 2008, p. 21)

By taking into account the importance of the individual and the community, it has become a valid analytical tool in community development.

The community is just as important as the state and the market as principles of development

if

We want to address the inequalities within a community

then

A holistic approach in development is needed

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