Ch 1.3-5: Cardio-Respiratory System, Aerobic & Anaerobic Exercise and Effects of Exercise

Chapter 1

Applied Anatomy & Physiology

Cardiovascular System

Systole = Contraction / Pumping

The phase of the heartbeat

when the chambers of the

heart contract and empty of blood,

when blood rejected from the heart.

Diastole = Relaxed / Filling

The phase of the heartbeat

when the chambers of the heart relax

and fill with blood.

Cardiac Output

ANSWER

Cardiac Output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate

Cardiac Output = 70 mls x 40 bpm

Cardiac Output = 2800 mls/min

What is the cardiac output of a performer who has

a stroke volume of 70 mls

and a heart rate of 40 beats per minute?

Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

Anaerobic vs Aerobic

Mechanics of Breathing

Expiration

Inspiration

- Inhalation

- Intake of air in the lungs

- Increasing the chest cavity volume

- Exhalation

- Expulsion of air in the lungs

- Reducing the chest cavity volume

Chapter 1

Applied Anatomy & Physiology

Aerobic:

- Energy needed by the working muscles come from carbohydrates, which are converted into glucose and oxygen.

- When energy is being used, it creates by-products in the form of carbon dioxide and water (sweat).

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN ENERGY + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

Anaerobic:

- Due to the short duration and high intensity, no use of oxygen.

- Glucose is not fully broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water.

- Lactic acid is created, which can lead to fatigue.

GLUCOSE ENERGY + LACTIC ACID

GLUCOSE ENERGY + LACTIC ACID

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN ENERGY + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

Blood Vessels

Feel tired

Fatigued

Body change

shape

Weight control

Blood Redistribution During Exercise

Increase Heart Rate

Heart works harder to deliver oxygen to

working muscles

Increase in body temperature

May feel

light-headed

Muscle cramps

- When exercise begins, body alters its priorities.

- During rest, high proportion of blood is directed

towards the organs.

- During exercise, majority of blood is directed towards voluntary / working muscles.

- This is achieved changes in the internal diameter of the arteries.

Bradycardia

Slow resting

heart rate

Improvement to components of fitness

Long-Term

Effects of

Exercise

Immediate Effects of Exercise

Short-Term

Effects of Exercise

May feel

nauseous

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Heart size increase and work more efficiently

Delayed Onset Muscle

Soreness (DOMS)

Stamina

Ability to exercise for lober

Breathe more deeply

and more frequently

to deliver more

oxygen to the working

muscles

Body's temperature

control system

Sweat and your

skin reddens

Muscles will

ache a little

Hypertrophy

Muscles will increase in size

Respiratory System

- Brings Oxygen into the body

- Oxygen is used to produce energy for activity

- Discards Carbon Dioxide and waste products

Cardio-Respiratory

System

Gaseous Exchange

Respiratory Pathway

- Oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves in the blood in the capillaries.

- Diffusion

- Carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air to be released.

The respiratory system and the cardiovascular system working together

Alveoli Facts:

- Alveoli are very small in size

- Large in number as each lung contains millions

- Large surface area for the exchange of gases

- Surface area and walls of the blood capillaries are very thin

(1 cell thick) and moist to support exchange

- Each Alveolus is surrounded by a network of blood capillaries

Nose:

Air (including oxygen) enters through

the nose / mouth

Trachea:

Carries air from the nose / mouth to the lungs

Lungs:

Pair of large, spongy organs optimised for gas

exchange between our blood and the air.

Bronchi:

Carries air from the trachea into the lungs

Bronchioles:

Carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli

Alveoli:

Many tiny air sacs in the lungs which allow

for rapid gaseous exchange.

The Recovery Process

Cool Down

Spirometer Trace

Piece of equipment that measures

lung volume and capacity.

Stage 1: Pulse Lowering

Stage 2: Stretching

- Clearing of waste products

- Support blood flow to the muscles

- Replenishes the working muscle with oxygen

- Reduces DOMS

Increases

Decreases

Manipulation of Diet

Ice Bath

- Helps prevent

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

- Stimulates muscle repair and strengthen

Massage

- Reduces pain caused, swelling, fatigue and stiffness

- Encourages blood flow

Rehydration

- Replacing fluids that are lost during exercise through sweat.

- How much is dependent on intensity, duration of exercise,

temperature, humidity and altitude.

Carbohydrate Loading Boost

- Replace / maximise the amount of glucose used for energy

Protein Intake

- Supports recovery and growth

- Hypertrophy: Enlargement of organs or tissues caused by an

increase in the size of its cells.