Chapter 20
The Endocrine System and Reproduction
Lesson 2- The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Female Reproductive System
Sexual Reproduction
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system is specialized to produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. The structure of the male reproductive system include the testes, scrotum, and penis.
The Testes
- The oval-shaped testes (singular testis) are the organs of the male reproductive system in which sperm are produced.
- The testes produce sperm in hundreds of tiny coiled tubes.
- The testes also produce testosterone.
- testosterone is a hormone that controls the development of physical characteristics in mature men.
- The external pouch of skin in the male reproductive system is called the scrotum.
Sperm Production
- Sperm production begins during teenage years.
- Each sperm cell is composed of a head that contains chromosomes and a long, whipelike tail.
- The role of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs and, if an egg is fertilized, to nourish a developing baby until birth.
- The organs of the female reproductive system include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
The Ovaries
- The ovaries are the female reproductive structure that produce the egg.
- The ovaries are located slightly below the waist, one ovary on each side of the body.
Female Hormones
- The ovaries have endocrine glands the produce hormones.
- The estrogen is a hormone that triggers the development of some adult female characteristic.
The Path of the egg cell
- The fallopian tubes, also called oviducts, are passageways for eggs as they travel from the ovary to the uterus.
- Each month, one of the ovaries release a mature egg, which moves through the fallopian tube, which leads to the uterus.
- Fertilization usually occurs within the fallopian tube.
- The vagina is a muscular passageway leading to the outside of the body.
- The vagina, or birth canal, is the passageway through which a baby leaves the mother's body.
- An egg is the female sex cell. A sperm is the male sex cell.
- The joining of a sperm and egg is called Fertilization.
- Sexual reproduction involves the production of eggs by the female and sperm by the male. The egg and sperm join together during fertilization.
- When Fertilization occurs, a fertilized egg, or Zygote, is produce.
- Sex cells contain rod-shaped structure called chromosomes.
- Chromosomes carry information that controls inherited characteristics, such as eye color and blood type.
- Every cell in the human body that has a nucleus, except the sex cells, contain 46 chromosomes.
- Each sex cell contains 23 chromosomes. During fertilization the 23 chromosomes in a sperm join the 23 chromosomes in an egg. The result is a zygote with 46 chromosomes
Male Reproductive System cont.
The Path of sperm cells
- Once sperm forms in the testes, it travels through the man reproductive system
- During this passage, the sperm mixes with fluids by nearby glands.
- The mixture of sperm cells and fluids is called semen.
- Semen contains a huge amount of sperm. 5 to 10 million per drop!
- Semen leaves the body through an organ called the penis.
- The tube that the semen travels through is called the urethra.
- Urine also leaves the body through the urethra.
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2_reproductive_system_lab.htm
ww.kotex.com/na/articles-info/your-first-period/12101
http://nursingcrib.com/news-blog/male-reproductive-system/
http://theoryrepublic.wordpress.com/2012/06/12/sperm-egg/
http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Science/pages/Science-eliminates-need-for-men-with-test-tube-sperm-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html
The Menstrual Cycle
Growth and Development
Birth
- The monthly cycle of changes that occur in the female reproductive system is called the menstrual cycle.
- During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for the arrival of an embryo.
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
- Early in the menstrual cycle, an egg starts to mature in one of the ovaries.
- At the same time, the lining of the uterus begins to thicken.
- About halfway through a typical menstrual cycle, the mature egg is released from the ovary into a fallopian tube.
- The process in which an egg is released is called ovulation.
- Once the egg is released, it can be fertilized for the next few days if sperm are present in the fallopian tube.
- If the egg is fertilized, it breaks down.
- The extra blood and tissue of the thickened lining pass out of the body through the vagina in a process called menstruation.
Endocrine control
- the menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones of the endocrine system.
- Hormones also triggers a girl's first menstruation.
https://www.google.com/search?q=baby&aq=f&sugexp=chrome,mod%3D12&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=n8CTUeK-DYPP0gGHm4GYDw&biw=2133&bih=994&sei=ocCTUbO7F-TG0AGG54CwBw#imgrc=g4JRQ4yNyUWWCM%3A%3BvjvirPjQ9eBQpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fi1-news.softpedia-static.com%252Fimages%252Fnews2%252FBaby-Sold-on-Facebook-Kidnapped-by-Grandfather-in-India-2.jpg%253F1366872051%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnews.softpedia.com%252FnewsImage%252FBaby-Sold-on-Facebook-Kidnapped-by-Grandfather-in-India-2.jpg%252F%3B1600%3B1200
URL's for Human Life Cycle Pictures
The changes that take place between infancy and adulthood include physical changes, such as an increase in size and coordination. They also include mental changes, such as the ability to communicate and solve difficult problems.
Infancy
- During the first two years of life, babies learn how to do multiple new things; many things change on babies such as their size and shape.
- Crying is not the only way to show their feelings, infants can also smile and laugh.
- At the end of three years old, babies should already know how to feed themselves, understand directions, and play with their toys.
Childhood
- At two years old, infancy ends an childhood begins.
- Through their childhood children become taller and heavier, and they become more coordinated.
- After a short period of time in their childhood, they start to make friends, behave responsibly, and care for others.
Adolescence
- This is the stage when children become adults and start to change their behavior and responsibilities.
Adulthood
- After the age of thirty, aging begins, and the skin becomes wrinkled, muscle strength weakens.
- AS you get older, you have learned everything you can and take this knowledge and pass it down to generations to come.
http://www.google.com/search?q=zygote&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=UB-SUdnWOtHL0gGDjoDoBA&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1920&bih=899#imgrc=_
http://www.google.com/search?q=zygote&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=UB-SUdnWOtHL0gGDjoDoBA&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1920&bih=899#tbm=isch&sa=1&q=four+week+embryo&oq=four+wee&gs_l=img.3.7.0l8j0i10j0.51612.152371.0.158311.8.8.0.0.0.0.122.648.6j2.8.0...0.0...1c.1.12.img.BQ-ITwBI68U&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&fp=aa6b947490411430&biw=1920&bih=899
The birth of a baby takes place in three stages-labor, delivery, and afterbirth.
Labor
- Labor is the first stage of birth, strong muscular contractions of the uterus begin. It may last about 2 hours to about 20 hours.
Delivery
- The second stage of birth, the baby is pushed out of the uterus.
- This takes less time than labor.
Afterbirth
- The third stage of birth, this is completed in less than an hour.
Birth and the Baby
- The last stage of birth, the baby is pushed and squeezed out of the mother's body.
- This decreases the oxygen of the baby.
- The baby's cry helps it to get used to it's surroundings.
Multiple Births
- There are two types of twins, identical and fraternal.
http://www.google.com/search?q=fourth+month+embryo&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=ZyGSUb6UCKfo0gHL74DYCw&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1920&bih=899
Protection and Nourishment
by: Christer Alf, Alexia Carbone, and Brooks McConnell
Lesson 1- The Endocrine System
- The membranes and other structures that form during development protect and nourish the developing embryo, and later the fetus.
Amniotic Sac
- All the fluids that are in the amniotic sac cushions and protects the developing baby.
Placenta
- The embryo receives nutrients, oxygen, and other substances from the mother. It gives off carbon dioxide and other wastes.
Umbilical Cord
- a rope like structure that contains blood vessels
that link the fetus to the mother.
Questions:
Answers:
1. What is another way infants show their feelings?
2. How do endocrine glands affect the endocrine system?
3. What is the stage when children become adults and start to change their behavior and responsibilities?
4. What produces hormones?
5. What are the three stages of birth?
6. What is the female sex cell?
7. What is a pituitary gland?
8. What is the male sex cell?
9. What is a rope like structure that contains blood vessels that link the fetus to the mother?
10. What are ovaries?
1. smile and laugh
2. They release their chemical products into the blood stream
3. Adolescence
4. Nerve impulses from the brain
5. labor, delivery and afterbirth
6.Egg
7. Communicates with the hypothalamus to control many body activities
8. Sperm
9.Umbilical Chord
10.ovaries are the female reproductive structure that produce the egg.
Endocrine System Contains:
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- thyroid
- parathyroids
- adrenal glands
- pineal body
- reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)
- pancreas
http://www.thepregnancyzone.com/labor-delivery/umbilical-cord/
https://www.google.com/search?q=the+placenta&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=RXKSUanaF--50QHz7IDIBQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=2133&bih=994
Infancy
Functions of Endocrine Glands
http://www.google.com/search?q=infancy&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=qw2VUbikJqnh0QGB1oGQAQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1910&bih=851
Early childhood
http://www.google.com/search?q=early+childhood&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=-QuVUcSSGeTR0wGxhICADg&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1910&bih=895#tbm=isch&sa=1&q=adolescence&oq=adolescence&gs_l=img.3..0l10.106658.106658.4.106930.1.1.0.0.0.0.118.118.0j1.1.0...0.0...1c.1.12.img.lpIw2QyWy_4&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&fp=c6e1541cb65ab5e9&biw=1910&bih=851
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/endocrine-system-facts.html
- Endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, and pancreas
- Also contain the ovaries in females and testes in males
Adolescence
Negative Feedback
The zygote develops first into an embryo and then into a fetus. About nine months, a baby is born.
Zygote and Embryo
- After an egg and a sperm join, the zygote moves toward the uterus.
- The zygote begins to divide. The original cells divide into two, these divide into four, and so on.
- The multiple cells forms a hollow ball. This ball attaches to the lining of the uterus.
- The two-cell stage through the eighth week of development, the embryo.
Fetus
- From about the ninth week of development, until birth the developing human is a fetus.
- By now, many internal organs have developed.
- By the end of the third month, the fetus is about 9 centimeters and has a mass of about 26 grams.
- Between the fourth and the sixth month, bones are more distinct.
- At the end, the final three months, prepare the fetus to survive outside the mothers body. The mass of the fetus may reach 3 kilograms or more.
Childhood
http://www.google.com/search?q=early+childhood&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=mg6VUafkHOrR0gGaj4DQCg&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1910&bih=851
http://www.google.com/search?q=childhood&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=YQ6VUdqnJaPR0wG_g4CgAQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1910&bih=851
- Endocrine system works like a heating system- feeds back depending on the condition
- Negative feedback- something turned on or off because of the conditions produced
- Throughout negative feedback, when the amount of a particular hormone in the blood reaches a certain level , the endocrine system sends signals that stop the release of that hormone
Early adolescence
Hormones and the Endocrine System
http://www.google.com/search?q=early+adolescence&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Bg6VUf2iBqrG0AGW2YHgCg&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAQ&biw=1910&bih=851
- Human body has 2 systems- nervous and endocrine
- Endocrine system produces chemicals that control human's activities and regulates growth and development
- Endocrine glands- produce and release their chemical products directly into the bloodstream
Hormones
- Hormone- the chemical product of an endocrine gland
- carried throughout the body by blood
Hormone Production
- nerve impulses from the brain produce them
- brain interprets information and then sends impulse to endocrine gland
Hormone Action
- hormones usually take longer to respond
- Ex: brain sends signal to endocrine gland to release adrenaline. When the adrenaline reaches the heart it beats more rapidly
Target Cells
- Target Cells- cells that recognize the hormone's chemical structure
- A hormone and its target cell fit together the way a key fits into a lock.
Functions of Endocrine Glands
The Hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus- a tiny part of the brain near he middle of your head, which is the link between the nervous and endocrine system
- Messages such as controlling sleep, hunger, and other basic body procedures come from this
The Pituitary Gland
- Pituitary Gland- communicates with hypothalamus to control many body activities
- releases hormones in response to nerve impulses
http://waeagles220.weebly.com/chapter-19.html
http://www.angelfire.com/ok3/apologia/drafts/endocrine.html