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Conservatism

Liberalism

Modern Liberalism

Contemporary Conservatism

Classical Liberalism

Classical Conservatism

This adaptation of classical liberalism was developed in the 19th century in response to criticisms by the socialists and communists of the original political ideology. It therefore adapts by allowing some government influence and interference both politically and economically. John Stuart Mill is at times as the father of modern liberalism. The Obama administration and their introduction of public healthcare is one example of the influence of modern liberalism and moving to increased governmental influence.

This position values a liberal economy, but desires a social system that maintains traditions. Its supporters are William F. Buckley, Jr. Barry Goldwater, and Ronald Reagan. The ideology is used mostly in North America and the United Kingdom . For example, Canada and their conservative majority and leader, Stephen Harper.

Liberalism, in its most original state, was most popular between the 1600s and the 20th century. The ideology fancied representative government, which, limited by "constitutional restrictions", had duties of protecting life and property. In regards to economic affairs, the governmental role was extremely minimal as laissez-faire was its economy type; producers constantly in competition for consumers with no interference.

Examples of this political system are quite evident throughout American history and is the main principle of the American Constitution (1776). Supporters included John Locke, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and John Stuart Mill.

Illiberalism

This paternalistic governing approach was developed in response to the classical liberalism's challenge of the social, economic, and political conditions. As it became popular prior the 20th century, it encouraged absolute monarchy, mercantilism, no social mobility, and supported aristocracy and no or limited change. Supporters were Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli. For example, the feudal and hierarchical society of most of Europe from early on in their lives as nations.

Neoconservatism

This is a term used to describe "actions in liberal democracies that violate the principles of liberalism.

Such actions have been seen in England when two men were arrested and jailed for 4 years for using Facebook to 'incite disorder' in August 2011. This directly goes against the liberal ideal of free speech and the freedom of social aspects of society to occur without government interference.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-14551582

Developed in the 1900s and associated with George Bush administration, it applies only some of the classical liberal economic and political beliefs. It is "aggressive, robust, and interventionist" in regards to national security and immigration policies. This is exemplified by the United States and their, what some would describe as, extreme measures upon airport security in order to abolish terrorism. This political ideology is often associated with contemporary conservatism.

John Stuart Mill

Montesquie

Adam Smith

Mill, an English philosopher during the 1800s, was similar to Montesquie in regards to the individual; he believed that individual freedom aught to be protected and individual decision making as the bases of social institutions, promoted. With a liberal state of mind, he believed that the only regulations to be placed upon an individual would be that of which to protect the freedom of others; as long as ones actions did not harm or negatively affect others than one could do as one wishes. Along with all this, he actively advocated for free speech which he found essential for "intellectual and social progress".

The Scottish political economist, Adam Smith, disgreed with the present mercantilist economic system. His ideas for the mid 1700s were completely radical, believing that if people worked with their own self-interest in mind, instead that of the state, they would be far more "better off". In his work, The Wealth of Nations, he published the idea of the "invisible hand" which described that if each looked after their own interests, they "end up helping everyone else by providing jobs and cheaper products". Therefore, he believed that the government's only role in society was to protect and maintain the rule of law - ensure contracts are followed- and provide some "public works".

Baron de Montesquie, Charles de Secondat (1689-1755) was a liberal thinker, as he firmly believed in the rights of the individual equality, and the accountability of the government.With those beliefs, in mind, he was one of the first to become passionate about the seperation of those government powers into equally valued, legislatel executive, and judicial branches. For the success of the system, the public needed to be involved, creating a democracy. Therefore the Baron of Montesquie knew that the people needed to be informed of the laws an "workings" of the government.

Liberalism vs Conservatism

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