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Transcript

ROD NUMERALS

MULTIPLICATION

demonstration

OVERVIEW

DISPLAYING NUMBERS

-For numbers in the units place, every vertical rod represent

-Two vertical rods represent 2, and so on, until 5 vertical rods, which represents 5. For number between 6 and 9, a bi-quinary system is used.

SUBTRACTION

-For numbers larger than 9, a decimal system is used. Rods placed one place to the left of the units place represent 10 times that number. For the hundreds place, another set of rods is placed to the left which represents 100 times of that number, and so on.

demonstration

-In Rod Numerals, zeroes are represented by a space, which serves both as a number and a place holder value. Unlike in Arabic Numerals, there is no specific symbol to represent zero. In the image to the right, the number zero is merely represented with a space.

ADDITION

Demonstration

ROD CALCULUS

(COUNTING RODS)

HARDWARE

The equipments for carrying out rod calculus=Counting Rods+Counting Board.

"Molecular structure of Counting rods "= bamboo sticks, about 12 cm- 15 cm in length, 2mm to 4 mm diameter

SOFTWARE

HISTORY OF ROD CALCULUS

(COUNTING RODS)

-A simple 45 phrase positional decimal multiplication table.

-This multiplication table was learned by heart by pupils,merchants and mathematicians alike.

The 9x9 multiplication song!

TIME PERIOD OF EXISTENCE

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

-Counting rods were used by ancient Chinese for more than two thousand years.

-In 1954, forty-odd counting rods of the Warring States period

-The use of counting rods must predate it; the Laozi, a text originating from the Warring States, said "a good calculator doesn't use counting rods." The Book of Han recorded: "they calculate with bamboo, diameter one fen, length six cun, arranged into a hexagonal bundle of two hundred seventy one pieces."

-In 1973, archeologists unearthed a number of wood scripts from a Han dynasty tomb in Hubei, one of the wooden script written:“()",this is one of the earliest examples of using counting rod numeral in writing.

-After the abacus flourished, counting rods were abandoned except in Japan, where rod numerals developed into symbolic notation for algebra.

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