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-a continuation of prenatal growth
-pattern predictable and consistant but not linear
-sigmoid curve: rapid growth after birth, followed by gradual but stead growth during childhood, then rapid growth during adolescents, and finally levelng off
-congenital defect: anomalies present at birth regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic
-follows sigmoid pattern
-susceptible to extrinsic fators
-can reflect amount of muscle as well as amount of fat
-has most influence on fetal development
-fetus is nourished by diffusion of oxygen and nutrients between fetal and maternal blood in placenta
carbon-dioxide and other waste are exchanged and carried away in mothers blood
-fetal stage 8 weeks to birth
-hyperplasia: an increase in the absolute number of cells
-hypertrophy: an increase in relative size of an individual cell
-cephalocaudal: the direction of growth beginning at the head and xtending towards the lower body
-head and facial structures grow fastest, then upper body, and lastly lower body
-proximodistal: direction f growth proceeding from the body towards the extremities
-trunk develops first, then limbs, lastly distal limbs
-body weight and tissues grow steadily, with rate of growth increasing at 5 months, until birth
-plasticity: modifiability or malleability; ability of tissue to take on functions otherwise done by other tissues
-development begins with the fusion of 2 sex cells (the egg and sperm) to 8 weeks
-differentiate: process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs
-4 weeks limbs are roughly formed and heartbeat begins
-8 weeks eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, and toes are formed
-human form starts to take shape
-plays a major role in timing as well as extent of growth
-age take off: age at which the rate of growth begins to increase
-early diet
-catch up growth: relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some or all potential growth lost during period of negative extrinsic influence
-specific body parts, tissues, and organs have differential rates of growth
-each part of the growing individual has its own precise and orderly growth rate
-body form might have implications for skill performance in early childhood
-follows sigmoid pattern of growth
-peak velocity: age at which one changes from slow growth to rapid growth
-teratogens: any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure
-any external or internal pressure put on fetus in utero
-extreme internal enviromental temperature
-exposure to X-rays or gamma rays
-changes in atmospheric pressure
-environmental pollutions
-dominant: one parent passes on defective gene
-recessive: both parents pass on defective genes
-can also result from new mutation: alteration or deletion of a gene during formation of egg or sperm cell
-irradiation and certian hazardous enviromental chemicals can cause genetic mutations
-advanced maternal age causes genetic mutations
-mutations can also occur from no known causes
-developmental process leading to a state of full function
-secondary sex characteristics: aspects of form or structure appropriate to males and females (during adolescent growth spurt)
-menarche: the first menstrual cycle
-growth ends for humans in late teens to early 20s
-some measures of body size may change in adulthood
-height mostly stable but may shrink during later adult years
-a gain in fat is seen starting in the early 20s