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Physical Growth, Maturation, and Aging

abnormal prenatal development

Overall Growth

prenatal development

-a continuation of prenatal growth

-pattern predictable and consistant but not linear

-sigmoid curve: rapid growth after birth, followed by gradual but stead growth during childhood, then rapid growth during adolescents, and finally levelng off

fetal nourishment

weight

Postnatal development

fetal Development

-congenital defect: anomalies present at birth regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic

-follows sigmoid pattern

-susceptible to extrinsic fators

-can reflect amount of muscle as well as amount of fat

-has most influence on fetal development

-fetus is nourished by diffusion of oxygen and nutrients between fetal and maternal blood in placenta

carbon-dioxide and other waste are exchanged and carried away in mothers blood

Embryonic development

-fetal stage 8 weeks to birth

-hyperplasia: an increase in the absolute number of cells

-hypertrophy: an increase in relative size of an individual cell

-cephalocaudal: the direction of growth beginning at the head and xtending towards the lower body

-head and facial structures grow fastest, then upper body, and lastly lower body

-proximodistal: direction f growth proceeding from the body towards the extremities

-trunk develops first, then limbs, lastly distal limbs

-body weight and tissues grow steadily, with rate of growth increasing at 5 months, until birth

-plasticity: modifiability or malleability; ability of tissue to take on functions otherwise done by other tissues

-development begins with the fusion of 2 sex cells (the egg and sperm) to 8 weeks

-differentiate: process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs

-4 weeks limbs are roughly formed and heartbeat begins

-8 weeks eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, and toes are formed

-human form starts to take shape

Sex

Extrinsic influnces on postnatal growth

-plays a major role in timing as well as extent of growth

-age take off: age at which the rate of growth begins to increase

Genetic causes of abnormal prenatal development

Relative Growth

-early diet

-catch up growth: relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some or all potential growth lost during period of negative extrinsic influence

Extrinsic causes of abnormal prenatal development

-specific body parts, tissues, and organs have differential rates of growth

-each part of the growing individual has its own precise and orderly growth rate

-body form might have implications for skill performance in early childhood

height

-follows sigmoid pattern of growth

-peak velocity: age at which one changes from slow growth to rapid growth

-teratogens: any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure

-any external or internal pressure put on fetus in utero

-extreme internal enviromental temperature

-exposure to X-rays or gamma rays

-changes in atmospheric pressure

-environmental pollutions

-dominant: one parent passes on defective gene

-recessive: both parents pass on defective genes

-can also result from new mutation: alteration or deletion of a gene during formation of egg or sperm cell

-irradiation and certian hazardous enviromental chemicals can cause genetic mutations

-advanced maternal age causes genetic mutations

-mutations can also occur from no known causes

Physiological Maturation

-developmental process leading to a state of full function

-secondary sex characteristics: aspects of form or structure appropriate to males and females (during adolescent growth spurt)

-menarche: the first menstrual cycle

Adulthood and Aging

-growth ends for humans in late teens to early 20s

-some measures of body size may change in adulthood

-height mostly stable but may shrink during later adult years

-a gain in fat is seen starting in the early 20s

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