APWH: Unit 6 Key-Concepts

6.2 Global Conflicts and Their Consequences

"At the beginning of the twentieth century, a European-dominated global political order existed, which also included the United States, Russia, and Japan. Over the course of the century, peoples and states around the world challenged this order in ways that sought to redistribute power within the existing order and to restructure empires, while those peoples and states in power attempted to maintain the status quo. Other peoples and states sought to overturn the political order itself. These challenges to, and the attempts to maintain, the political order manifested themselves in an unprecedented level of conflict with high human casualties. In the context of these conflicts, many regimes in both older and newer states struggled with maintaining political stability and were challenged by internal and external factors, including ethnic and religious conflicts, secessionist movements, territorial partitions, economic dependency, and the legacies of colonialism."

6.1 Science and the Environment

~ Economically, the communist states- the Soviet Union and China controlled their economies through repressive policies & with negative repercussions.

The Great Depression led to: The Fascist Corpalist Economy, and the New Deal.

~New international organizations: Leagues of nations, United Nations and International Criminal court.

~ There was to assumptions about classes, race, and religion.

~Changed in art and culture-World cup & Olympics.

"Rapid advances in science altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to the development of new technologies. These changes enabled unprecedented population growth, which altered how humans interacted with the environment and threatened delicate ecological balances at local, regional, and global levels."

I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenged of the 20th century.

6.3 New Conceptulizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

II. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly independent, a process faciliated by the growth of instutions of global governance.

III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. In much of the world, access to education, as well as participation in new political and professional roles, became more inclusive in terms of race, class, and gender.

"The twentieth century witnessed a great deal of warfare and the collapse of the global economy in the 1930s. In response to these challenges, the role of state in the domestic economy fluctuated, and new institutions of global governance emerged and continued to develop throughout the century. Scientific breakthroughs, new technologies, increasing levels of integration, changing relationships between humans and the environment, and the frequency of political conflict all contributed to global developments in which people crafted new understandings of society, culture, and historical interpretations. These new understandings often manifested themselves in, and were reinforced by, new forms of cultural production. Institutions of global governance both shaped and adapted to these social conditions."

IV. Popular and consumer culture became global.

I. Europe dominated the global political

order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new states by the century's end.

II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.

III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences.

IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale.

V. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups -including states-opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups,however, intensified the conflicts.

~ Conflcits such as: World War I & II,Cold War, Chinese Civil War, Vietnam War, and Algerian Revolution took place.

~ The Manchu (1912), Russian (1917), & Ottoman Empire 1922) fell due to their lack of technology compared to other empires.

~ New Empires emerged: U.S.S.R (1917), Isreal (1948), Angola (1975), and many others.

~ Challengers to Colonial Rule emerged: Gandhi, Nkrumah, & Ho Chi Minh.

~ Militized States, such as, Franco-Spain & Idi Amin-Uganda emerged.

I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by the developement of new technology.

II. During a period of unpredicted global population expansion, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment.

III. Disease, scientific notations, and conflictled to demographic shifts.

~ New modes of communication & transportation= eliminated geographic distance.

Increased agricultural production.

Medical advances- vaccinations.

~ Changes to enviroment: green house effect, deforestation, clean water and clean air.

~ New diseases.

More effective birth control & new military technology.

CAT ISLAND

APWH Unit 6: Key Concepts

By: Christian Arriaga & Julian Ruatos