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Throughout contemporary Philippines history, the national government has adopted foreign standard and models of development.
Development policies have been oriented toward the priorities of the ELITE in the Philippine Society
American model of government and system of free-enterprise was superimposed by the American colonizers.
After gaining Independence, private organizations patterned their development strategies after their western counterparts.
Dole-out assistance strategy.
Community Chest, Red Cross and Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA).
Was introduced by European colonial powers.
Strategy: Involve rural and urban communities in programs of the national government by harnessing the labor capacity of the masses in support of government objectives.
It was a prerequisite for preparing the local government to pursue development tasks after independence.
It was modified under these conditions to suit the national government:
1, facilitate control of depressed or remote areas.
2. Persuade the masses to conform to government policies and goals.
3. Institutionalize a system pf patronage anchored to government bureaucracy
Proponents: U.S. Agency on International Development (USAID) and Magsaysay Government
Private organizations emphasized the involvement of target groups only in the IMPLEMENTATION STAGE of the programs through contribution of labor.
Make beneficiaries feel that they "own" the project. (ownership acquisition
Funded by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and USAID.
The role of which was to organize barrios throughout the country and coordinate the delivery of basic services from government and private organizations.
The REAL OBJECTIVE was to create Psychological Warfare.
Proponents: Magsaysay Government, USAID, CIA, Jose Crisol.
Community Development Programs were mixed with counterinsurgency strategies that will benefit U.S.
Operation Brother-hood.
Centered for Socio Medical activities.
Real Objective: Training program to prepare U.S. medical team for deployment in Laos and Vietnam.
Sponsored by CIA, PACD
Other organizations that applied counterinsurgency .strategy: (a) Adventist Development and Relief Agency; (b) International Human Assistance Program; (c) Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL); (d) CAUSA.
PACD was disbanded.
Private Organizations acquired the title NGOs
The focus of the NGOs were directed to "symptoms" rather than "underlying cause" of socioeconomic problems.
This resulted to emergency relief operations under non-disaster conditions.
Supported by the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and Cooperative for American Relief (CARE).
Dole Out was practiced.
The newly formed foundations and private organizations stressed the imparting of entrepreneurial skills to poverty groups and provision of seed capital for engaging in small- scale livelihood projects.
Income-Generating Activities was demonstrated.
However, the emphasis on entrepreneurship led to neglect in correlating communal problems to the larger national situation or the roots of underdevelopment
While the private organizations and the foundations were tinkering with community development approaches, the mass movement through peoples' organization (pos) consistently made efforts to institute a fundamental change in the Philippine society as a whole, specifically in terms of redressing the inequitable distribution of wealth.
The means of movement ranged from "trade union' to "armed rebellion".
POs emphasized that development work must serve the interests of the masses, the "oppressed" rather than the "oppressors"
The NGOs were encouraged to take action when they are being oppressed by the political repression under the Marcos Regime.
During the Marcos Regime, The NGOs became a vital factor in the growth of the mass movement. Many NGOs and POs would later be known as CAUSE-ORIENTED organizations.
These mass movement would later lead to the overthrow of the MARCOS dictatorship
A sector is viewed either in terms of development work categories. Most NGOs are established along the lines of development work and most POs along social groupings.
At a certain point, the need arose for NGOs to service a number or a cluster of sectoral concerns, across development work categories and social groupings.. The rationale was that problems of the poor are inter-related and the problems of one social group directly or indirectly affect another. NGOs therefore evolved the response to refine development work. It came to be known as socioeconomic work.
Universities and various religious organizations engaged in development work, principally through outreach, extension and social action projects and programs.
NGOs and POs engaged in research studies, information gathering and processing, management and technical skills training and human rights advocacy