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What is a Hard Tissue

Injury?

A hard tissue injury is when damage is inflicted to hard matter in an individual's body. E.g: Bones or teeth.

Fractures

What is a Fracture?

A fracture is an incomplete or complete break or crack in the bone due to an excessive amount of pressure or force.

There are 4 main categories of Fractures: complete, incomplete, simple and compound.

Complete/Incomplete Fractures

These fractures are referring to the way the bone actually breaks.

In a complete fracture, the bone ruptures into two or more parts whilst in an incomplete fracture, the bone cracks but does not entirely break.

Simple Fractures

These fractures are also known as closed fractures. This is a fracture that causes the bone to be broken but the bone's edges don't break any surrounding soft tissue causing any open wounds to the skin.

Compound Fractures

This fracture is also known as an open fracture. This fracture is much more severe as the bone breaks through the skin and may withdraw back into the wound and become concealed from the outside.

BONUS FRACTURE

'Greenstick Fracture'

This fracture is found in bones that are still growing which are encountered in young children. It is where the bone bends, cracks or splits into an incomplete fracture like a tree branch.

Dislocations

What is a Dislocation?

A dislocation is a disturbance at a joint which results in displacement from the bone's joint structure.

Causes of Dislocations:

There are various causes of dislocations. It can happen spontaneously or be from a result of unexpected trauma, in which can cause combined fractures. The risk of dislocated joints become higher due to weak ligaments that have been stretched by previous reoccurring dislocations.

More severe dislocations also can contribute to weakening of the ligaments as tearing of the muscles, ligaments or tendons that support the joint can occur.

Area's Affected:

The more susceptible body parts that are mostly affected by dislocation are the shoulders, elbows, fingers, hips, kneecaps and ankles.

Assessment and Management

Fractures:

Assessment:

Follow the TOTAPS procedure:

Talk: Ask the individual what happened and where is the pain occurring.

Observe: Look at the affected area for deformity, bruising or bleeding.

Touch: Gently feel the injury for deformity or inflammation.

Active movement: Ask if affected area can be moved.

Passive movement: Proceed with gentle and slow movement of the athlete's limb and stop at point of pain or halt in movement.

Skills test: Ask if basic skills of their current sport can be done. If not then seek further medical attention.

Management:

If TOTAPS reveals an injured area. Then the allocated individual performing first aid should proceed with the RICER procedure.

Rest: Control mobility and limit movement.

Ice: Place ice on the wound and surrounding tissue for half an hour for every two hours to decrease swelling and localized pain.

Compression: Apply ice firmly to area to reduce bleeding and provide support to injured area.

Elevation: Raise injured area above heard level to reduce pain, swelling and assists drainage of blood and other fluids.

Referral: Refer to a professional health care official in which who will provide definitive diagnosis and management.

Dislocations:

Assessment

TOTAPS rule applies again as previously explained to roughly assess the individual.

Then proceed for medical help.

Management

Identify injury and where it is located

Reduce movement and pressure

Protect the joint through medical instruments like, slings and crutches so external force is reduced dramatically keeping the joing fairly unharmed.

Continue RICER procedure and keep joint firmly immobilized until professional medical attention is referred to and arrives.

Hard Tissue Injuries

Andrew Korhonen

Examples of hard tissue injuries include fractures and dislocations.

RICE(R) Regime

Simple (Closed)

Incomplete

Simple (Closed)

Compound (Open)

C

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m

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Breaking of the skin via complete fracture.

Evidence of complete fracture due to revealing of bone marrow

No penetration of the skin.

Complete fracture due to a full crack in the bone

Knee Dislocation.

Patella distorted and thrown to the right.

Severe dislocation

Analayzing pain through touch

Bent and split but not completely broken.

In comparison to a 'Green Stick' where it is split and bent but not entirely broken. (Incomplete Fracture)

Ball displaced from Socket

Ligaments and tendons torn

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